The science of the Emotions.

THE SCIENCE

OF

THE EMOTIONS

KY

BHAGAVAN DAS, M.A.

London and Benares
Theosophical Publishing Society

INSCRIBED

TO

A N N I E B E S A N T ,

BY WHOSE WISH AND UNHKU WHOSE fJUIDANCB
THIS WOKK WAS WRITTEN.

Learn to look intelligently into the hearts of men. Regard
most earnestly your own heart. , . , Regard the constantly
changing and moving life which surrounds you, for it is formed
by the hearts of men ; and as you learn to understand their con-
stitution and meaning, you will by degrees be able to read the
larger word of V\te." Light on the Path.

CONTENTS.

PACK

FOREWORD 9

PRELIMINARY NOTE :

The Analysis and the Classification of the Emotions . 16

CHAPTER I. :
"^"^Tlie Factors of Emotion ....

CHAPTER II. :

The Essential Nature of Emotion .

CHAPTER III. :

The Principal Emotions and their Elements .

CHAPTER IV. :

The Sub-divisions of the Principal Emotions .

CHAPTER V. ;

Certain Possible Objections .

CHAPTER VI. :

The Correspondence of the Emotions with Virtues
and Vices . 64

CHAPTER VII. :

Complex Emotions 68

CHAPTER VIIL :

The Correspondence of Emotions . . . .108

19
23
32

40

S3

CONTENTS.

PAGE

CHAPTER IX. :

Emotion in Art 115

CHAPTER X. :

The Importance and Place of Emotion in Human

Life, and the Source of its Power . . 147

CHAPTER XL :

The High Application of the Science of Emotions. 154

LAST WORDS 182

FOREWORD.

ftf if

1 U
MahAbhdrata.

u What hast thou to do with riches ? what
hast thou to do with kin ? how shall wives be-
stand thcc, son ! that shalt surely die ? Seek the
Atman, that which licth hidden in the cave.
Where are gone thy father, and the fathers of
thy father?''

Such was the teaching, still more ancient,
addressed by an ancient Indian father to an
ancient Indian son addressed by Vydsa to his
son Shuka Shuka who grew to be greater
even than his great father. And such used to
be the origin of Philosophy in olden India,

9

10 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

. I "He that pos-
sesseth discrimination (between the Passing
and the Eternal), he in whom desire (for the
fleeting) hath died away, his is the great
gain of wisdom." So Vishvdmitra assured
Rama when leading him to Vasishtha for the
teachings embodied in the " Mahd-Ramdyana."
From tn*T, vairdgya from the ceasing
of desire from fa^R mveka from the
discrimination which sees that all objects of
desire are limited and fleeting, and, therefore,
painful from these alone, but from these
without fail, proceeds the ^fal, Bodha y the
Knowledge, the true Philosophy that grasps
that which is not limited, not fleeting, and,
therefore, not painful.

Thus ancient Philosophy took its rise in the
relation of the Jfva 1 to those two constant com-
panions of its life, the two sole guides of all its
action Pleasure and Pain, Joy and Sorrow,
Happiness and Misery, Gladness and Sadness.
It set a distinct aim before itself, the aim of
relieving pain that pain, that master pain, of
doubt, uncertainty, and hopelessness, which,
while it lasts, poisons the very roots of life, and
throws all other pains, even the pains of positive
loss and physical torture, into the shade. And

1 The separated Self.

FOREWORD.

II

it proceeded straight from pain to the cause
of pain, and thence to the remedy.

That Philosophy remains and will remain
true for ever, but it has to be modelled into
ever new forms to meet the needs of the ever
changing races of humanity,
N The more advanced races and classes of the
present humanity have, in the march of evolu-
tion, come to the stage where "Intelligence" (the
fifth principle, the distinguishing characteristic
of the Aryans, the fifth race, the ^SHI:
panchajandK) is attaining its highest develop-
ment, li In order to reach its proper perfection,
it has become in the beginning exaggerated
beyond its clue proportion. The immediate
result is that even as itself being in reality
only a means in the service of that essential
and deepest nature of the Jfva, wk, Desire-
Emotion, for and towards the securing of proper
action for the fulfilment of that Desire-Emotion,
has taken up the position of end and thrown
Emotion into the background, so, in all depart-
ments of the life of those modern advanced
races and classes, the means are overpowering
the ends, and loom far larger in the mind, and
occupy a far larger share of time and attention,
than that which they in reality seek to secure.
A ton of plate is used to eat an ounce of food ;
the record of a piece of business is given more

12 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

time than the performance of that business ; H
there is more supervision and inspection than
work to be supervised and inspected ; more
writing than reading ; more newspapers than
news. So much precise and elaborate calcu-
lation is made, that it very often ends in
defeating its own purpose by not making
sufficient allowance for contingencies which are
beyond calculation ; \|a thousand, a hundred
thousand men are sacrificed, by competition, to
ensure the success of one man ; the outer is
looked at far more than the inner; governments,
systems of administration, diplomacies, and
policies come sincerely to be believed to be far
greater and more important than the people and
their simple well-being, for which only they
exist ; cities come to be greater than fields ;
town-life than country-life ; a fine dress than a
beautiful physique ; the author than the book ;
the writer than the reader | non-productive
labour than productive labour ; luxuries than
honest industries; "glorious war" than "in-
glorious peace " ; an ever-growing, an ever more
unwieldy statute book than never-changing good
men ; an education that cultivates the outside,
that gives external polish, that fits for struggling
with others and profiting surreptitiously and
plausibly -at their expense, than a training which
opens the inner man, and fits him for real peace

FOREWORD. 13

with Self and peace with others, fits him to suffer
wrong rather than do it. The culmination point
of this high growth of error is reached when
professional philosophers assert that the object
of Philosophy is not Truth, but the pursuit of
Truth ; that the latter has far greater interest
than the former.

Such are the inevitable consequences, at a
certain stage, of the onward process of evolu-
tion ; and they need not be regretted, since they
have their proper place in the story of man.
Without passing through them the Jfva would
remain wanting in a very necessary experience.

But it must pass through them, and not
remain immersed in those quagmires.

That intelligence, developing and expanding,
should, even through exaggeration, reach per-
fection in wisdom, and not descend into the
deep imperfection of cunning, it has to become
Self-intelligence, and not only Self-intelligence,
but All-Self-intelligence ; it has to understand
its own true nature, in one Jfva and in all
Jfvas.

To know man is the noblest and whether
noblest or not is the most urgently needed
qualification of man. Philosophy in this sense
is the very highest of sciences, and has always
been thus regarded in the East. And it has
been pursued too in the West, but the reasons

14 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS,

which, as just said, have there very often made
philosophers find greater interest in the pursuit
of Truth than in Truth, have confined attention
largely to the Psychology of the Senses and the
Intellect the means of cognition on the one
hand, and to the discussion of Ethics the
principle of action on the other.

The energising motive of both the Senses
and the Intellect the Desire-nature, the
Emotion-nature, of man, his TP(g*?*l Rdga-
Dvesham, love -hate, has not received proper
attention, nor has even that which it has
received been fruitful of good and true
results. Because of the initial error in
selecting the starting-point of investigation,
these two branches of Philosophy to which
have been given so much time and labour
have also remained untraced to their true
roots.

Not till the springs of Pleasure and Pain are
reached and plumbed, not till there is earnest
sympathy of search between the questioner and
the teacher, the student and the science, not till
mere superficial and cynical moods of asking
are cast away, not till the human heart is pierced
as deeply as that of Shuka by vairdgya such as
that which underlies the ancient counsel given
to him by his father Vydsa not until then
shall the pure waters of true Knowledge and

FOREWORD. 15

Philosophy and deep consolation flow forth in
a constant, sure, and never-failing stream.

For students thus touched with vairdgya, and
yet by necessity of circumstance belonging to
and dominated by the prevailingly intellectual
nature of the present races, this booklet is
written ; it treats of the Desire-nature of man,
his Emotions, in the way, as far as may be, of
the usual books on the science of Psychology,
and attempts to lead those students on from the
science of the Emotions to that highest science
which deals with the very roots of life, with the
ultimate principles of the Universe, the science
of Peace.

May the little book serve its appointed pur-
pose, under the blessings of those who are the
Guardians and the prayers of those who are the
Servants of Humanity,

PRELIMINARY NOTE.

THE ANALYSIS AND THE CLASSIFICATION
OF THE EMOTIONS.

The latest result of the discussions in the
West on the subject of the Emotions seems to
be that each Emotion is something sui generis,
that an organic connection between Emotion
and Emotion is not traceable, that it is vain to
try to reduce any one Emotion into terms of
any other, and that a genuine, unarbitrary, and
inartificial classification of these mental pheno-
mena is impossible. 1

It seems to some that this result is not final,
that a true classification of the Emotions is
possible, that an organic connection and an
evolution of the complex from the simple are
traceable amongst them. Valuable hints on
the subject are to be found irf Vdtsydyana's
Commentary on the Nydya Sutras of Gautama, j
also in the works of other Indian Schools of
Philosophy, and notably in the various works
of Sihitya, the science of Poetry and Rhetoric,

1 See Ribot : The Psychology of the Emotions, Chap. x.
16

PRELIMINARY NOTE. 17

which bulk largely in Sanskrit literature,
beginning with Bharata's Ndtya-Skdstra.

An attempt is, therefore, made here to lay
before the philosophical public a very brief
sketch of a scheme of the Emotions based on
the assumption that they can be analysed, and,
therefore, classified. This is done with a view
to invite further discussion of this vitally impor-
tant branch of Psychology. If a true science
of the Emotions could be discovered, the art of
consciously, deliberately, and purposefully culti-
vating the higher and better ones and weeding
out the lower and the evil would become a
possibility with what beneficent ultimate-
consequences to humanity is at present matter
more for poetical and religious imagination than
for sober matter-of-fact expectation. Yet, there
is no doubt that the theory and method of
education would, even immediately, benefit
greatly from such a science.

In view of these possibilities it is very
desirable that any conclusion as to the impos-
sibility of dealing more satisfactorily with the
Emotions than has hitherto been done should
not be allowed to pass as final.

The present sketch lays no claim to any
maturity of thought. It is intended to pro-
pound only the general outlines of a possible
method of dealing with the subject, which have
B

1 8 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

presented themselves more or less definitely to
an enquirer. Defects will be found especially
in the use of the names of the less common
Emotions, inaccuracies in the appraisement of the
true values of them, which are inevitable when
a foreign tongue is used. But if, notwithstanding
such shortcomings, there should appear to be
any substantial truth in them, abler hands will
naturally take these outlines up, and supply the
necessary amplifications, corrections, and details
of illustration.

The method that has been followed is, as it
could not but be under the circumstances,
introspective and analytical. But this should
not be understood to mean anything that goes
against the fact which lies behind all that is
written here that Self and Not-Self, Spirit and
Matter, Pratyagdtmd (Purusha), and Miila-
prakriti, are always inseparable, that changes
of " Mind " always accompany and correspond
with changes of "Matter," and vice versa}
What is meant is only this, that here the
one series of changes is considered more
prominently than the other.

1 James's and Lange's theories of the physiological origin
of Emotions represent the one exaggerated extreme of this truth,
as the older theories of the emotional origin of certain
physiological changes represent the other.

CHAPTER I.

THE FACTORS OF EMOTION.

(a) Beginning then with the simple, and pro-
ceeding thence to the more complex, as is the
approved method of all exposition, we find as
the first and most elementary factor of life the
SELF.

It is no mistake to call the Self the most
elementary factor. It is not possible to analyse
it into anything which is simpler, more intel-
ligible, more directly present to a living being.
J The Self, towards itself, combines in one ever-
present mood conscious or sub-conscious,
deliberate or otherwise, but ever-present all the
same- the three moods in which it looks towards
the world outside it, the three moods of cog-
nition, emotion, and action, v These three moods
are distinct in reference to the outer world.
But the mood of the Self towards itself may
indifferently be styled Self-consciousness (Self-
knowledge, Self-cognition), or Self-feeling (Self-

19

20 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

desire), or Self-assertion. To say that "we
think before and after," that the life of the Self
is made up of memories and expectations, is
only to describe what accompanies it, what is
involved with rather than in the Self and Self-
consciousness : to say this is not to analyse the
Self into any simpler constituent elements; it is
not to show that the Self is made up, composed,
of any elements which do not already pre-
suppose it It is the same with other endeavours
to analyse the Self. A myriad doubts may
cluster about it ; there is not possible any doubt
as to it.

But it is no use entering into further dis-
cussion on this point here. That discussion
properly belongs to Metaphysic as distinguished
from Psychology. I It is enough for present
purposes to say that the Self is the indispensable
first basis of life, even though it may be doubted
that it is simple. In the words of VAchaspati-
Mishra in his Commentary (the Bkdmati} on
the Shdriraka - Bhdshya of Shankarachdrya

^ wftin <flp3 ^^ m -JTTSI^ ^ftr i " None

doubts, am I or am I not." I

() Indispensable to Life in the same degree
is the Not-Self, something other than Self.
When the world which is cognised and desired
and acted on as something different from the
Self has been named the Not-Self, the last name

THE FACTORS OF EMOTION. 21

has been given to It It cannot bec\reduced any
further, even as Self cannot be. I Life is a
relation in which the two indispensable factors
are the Self and the Not-Self. In this relation
appear the states which are dealt \vith next. u

(cj Equally universally known and recognised,
and perhaps equally impossible to analyse into
anything simpler, are Pleasure and Pain, the
two Feelings proper, which, in alternation, are
the constant accompaniments of the Self. IjMost
psychologists assume a third state of the Self
Indifference./ Vatsydyana also expressly espouses
this view, and he names the third state iftf:
mo/iah by etymology meaning, apparently,
<( unconsciousness." But, to say the least, it
is doubtful whether analysis will not always
show in every specific case that " indifference "
means only a very mild degree either of Pleasure
or of Pain. For the purposes of this essay it is
not absolutely necessary to determine whether
there is such a third state or not It is enough
to be sure that the two states of Pleasure and
Pain exist

It was said just now that these two are
" perhaps equally impossible to analyse into
anything simpler." This was said in order
to avoid opening up another discussion not
immediately relevant at this stage. But it may
be mentioned in passing that a slight but eluci-

22 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

dative reduction of these into terms of the Self
appears to be possible ; and a statement thereof
may be found to be unavoidable later on. The
full discussion, however, belongs to the M eta-
physic of the Self. ,

(d) The next step is that with 'Pleasure goes
Attraction Liking ; with Pain, Repulsion-
Dislike.! The mood of the Self towards, its
attitude, its condition in the presence of, that
which causes it Pleasure is Desire, Attraction,
Liking, the wish to be nearer. The opposite mood,
towards that which causes Pain, is the mood of
Aversion, Dislike, the wish to be more distant.
Generally speaking, in the most comprehensive
sense of the terms used, it is true that whatever
pleases is liked, whatever pains is disliked ; and
the primary consequences of Pleasure and Pain
are, on the one hand, the desire to take in, to
absorb, to embrace, or, on the other hand, to
throw out, to push away, to repel, the object
causing the pleasure or the pain respectively.
/This desire to be united with or separated
/from an object is Love (tin, raga) or Hate
'(*, dvesha}.

CHAPTER II.

THE ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EMOTION.

At this stage it will be noticed that there
is a subtle but radical difference between the
oriental philosopher's view of the nature of
Emotion and that taken by the western philos-
opher, especially since the time of Kant The
latter view divides mental functions into three
kinds: |(i) Cognition, (2) Emotion, and (3)
Volition ; it includes desire with if not exactly
in volition ; it regards Emotions, such as anger,
terror, love, &c., as distinct from desires, and as
kinds of the feelings of Pleasure and Fain ; and
it holds the distinction between volition and
action to be something very definite. |

The oriental philosopher, on the other hand,
appears to regard tall these ijifin vrittayah
(moods, functions), which are usually called ,
Emotions in western Philosophy, as Desires, \
His classification of the phenomena of conscious-
23

24 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

ness is into (i) Cognition -^Tt, Gnydnam ;
(2) Desire ?g;T, Ichchd\ and (3) Action
ftRT, Kriyd. sfhft sflRTftr, -^ftf, Wff I " Man

knows, desires, and endeavours," *>., acts.

It may seem awkward at first sight to say
that "action" is a mental function. In order to
compare the two views it is necessary to accept
the western use of the word " mind " as covering
the three fundamental aspects or modes of
the Self, as being-, in fact, equivalent to tc con-
sciousness."! The word <( mind " should perhaps
properly be restricted to the Self as knowing,
and should not include the Self as feeling, or
the Self as acting, while the word u con-
sciousness" should include the three, each
of the three being a mode of conscious-
ness.! But using the word "mind" as it
is used in western* Psychology, fthe eastern
psychologist substitutes "action" for "volition"
in the threefold division, and " desire " for
"emotion." When we say that action, *>.
physical action, is a mental function, we
mean that the inner nature of action is
essentially a function of consciousness, that
the living physical body is something which
is a part of consciousness, indeed, it may
be said, is itself an expression of con-
sciousness. ! Just as no western psychologist
hesitates to say that cognition is unmistakably

ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EMOTION. 25

mental, though it is possible only by means of
the sensory organs to begin with, and has for
object always material things in the ultimate
analysis ; just as he regards desire as something
mental though possible only in a material body,
and for material objects also in the ultimate
analysis; so to the Indian philosopher action too
is mental, though using a material body to bring
about material changes in the final analysis.

There should be nothing surprising in these
conclusions, for they have been established over
and over again by the deepest and most
independent thought. Vdtsydyana of India
says TO'Bj'qprjftof jRTurrfii or uwspixT ufofir: i>e>>
certain knowledge, assurance, indefeasible cog-
nition, has its finality, its basis, its perfection,
its all, in Pratyaksha, sensation, direct cogni-
tion, direct perception. Mill, of England, says
the same thing. And Hegel, of Germany, also
says emphatically .4" Everything is in sensation."
For sensation is not the mere vibration in
physical cells answering to a stimulus from
without ; in its pure psychological significance
it is the first, the earliest, response of the Self to
the Not-Self, the answer of consciousness to an
external impact, that first modification of con-
sciousness wherein Self and Not-Self are both
present / This is obviously primary, for the Self
must sense ere it can think or act.

26 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Briefly, then, the distinction between volition
and action is not made in the East as it is
made in the West inw Prqyatna^ endeavour,
is one of the attributes of the mind with the
Naiyciyika philosopher, as is volition with the
occidental, f But Prayatna means more than
volition : it is effort, not only in imagination, but
in actual action.! Those western psychologists
who are inclined to take the view that volition
is only the strongest desire, or the resultant of
all desires at any particular moment, that it is
desire passing into action, come very close to
the Indian view. 1 j

To put the matter in other words : Indian
thought recognises the general distinction of,
and the special opposition between, Self and
Not-Self ; but it does not favour the distinction
between Self and mind and matter, or only
mind and matter, such as is made in most
western philosophy. {' Most Indian schools of
philosophy follow the lead of the Veddnta in
holding Buddhi and Manas, to be *nr jada
(unconscious part of Not-Self). The truth
underlying this view seems to be that what is
knqwn as Manas, the mind, arises only when
the Self comes into contact with the Not-Self; 1

\

1 Schopenhauer uses the word "Will" in the sense of
"Desire."

ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EMOTION. 27

the Self cognizing the Not-Self has as its organ
mind.

It may be noted that the Indian three-fold
classification of the phenomena of conscious-
ness takes no account of the " Feelings of
Pleasure and Pain," whereas the western
classification includes them, though vaguely.
The reason for this may partially appear from
the discussion which will be entered into later
as to the nature of Pleasure or Pain.

But the following statement though scarcely
likely to convey much meaning at this stage
may be made as being rather needed here, and
also in the hope of giving a clue to the full
explanation in connection with the later dis-
cussion.

j That reason appears to be that "Pleasure"
and " Pain " are degrees of the Self, rather than
forms or aspects of it. It may be said, by some-
what stretching the use of words, that they are
connected with the " substance," the " bulk " of
the Self, rather than with its " form"; and as such
they pervade and overhang all the life of the
Self and its manifestation in the three forms or
aspects of cognition, desire, and action.!

Perhaps the following considerations may
explain how the western view as to the nature
of Emotions came to prevail

Every one of the Emotions is either pleasur-

28 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

able or painful. The two aspects of Emotion in
this general fact, viz., of Emotion as Emotion,
and of Emotion as pleasurable or painful, are
not usually or carefully discriminated in ordinary
life, and attention has not been sufficiently
directed to the distinction existing between
them. Nor, indeed, does there appear to
have been made any systematic or success-
ful attempt to exhaustively and truly class
the Emotions under the two heads of Pleasur-
able and Painful. Even this would pro-
bably have given a clue to the true nature
of Emotion. What is generally and broadly
observed is that particular situations in life
arouse particular Emotions, pleasurable or
painful. |The truth here is that the Emotions
are desires either to perpetuate the situation
if pleasurable, or to escape out of it if painful ; I
and the prospective fulfilment of the desire or
the defeat thereof, in expectation and imagina-
tion, gives the foretaste of the corresponding
Pleasure or Pain, and makes the pleasurableness
or painfulness of the total mood. The Emotion
thus begins in, and looks back to, a feeling of
positive Pleasure or Pain, and looks forward to,
and ends in, a possible Pleasure or Pain. These
various elements are, however, blended together
in ordinary consciousness so closely that unless
a distinction is deliberately looked for it easily

ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EMOTION. 29

escapes notice, and each Emotion comes, as it
has come, to be regarded as something unanaly-
sable and sui generis.

But it should be noted closely and carefully
that the Desire-Emotion specialised by the
immediately surrounding circumstances of the
particular situation is one thing, and the
Pleasure or Pain specialised by its corres-
pondence with such Desire-Emotion is another
thing,

The later parts of the book may, perhaps,
succeed in throwing more light upon this point,
and make it plainer.

The above brief examination of the difference
between the two views of the nature of
Emotion, and how it came to arise, gives
the clue to the proper classification of the
varieties of Emotion; for on the Indian view
it becomes possible and permissible to analyse
and thereby classify Desire-Emotions.
I The precise meanings of Desire and
Cognition and Action ; how the one conscious-
ness of the Self breaks up into these forms and
why ; what the precise relation is between
Desire on the one hand and Pleasure and Pain
on the other ; how the two, (i.) Desire, and (ii.)
Pleasure and Pain, can be characterised with
reference to each other in such a manner as to
avoid definition in a circle ; which precedes and

i

30 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

which succeeds in the first instance, or whether
there is no such first instance, and it is im-
possible to trace an ultimate precedence and
succession, as in the case of the seed and the
plant ; these are questions which arc not hope-
less, but should find treatment and solution in
the Metaphysic of the Self and the Not-Self,
of Space, and Time, and Motion.

For our present purpose let us take as the
starting-point for our study, after the foregoing
cursory discussion, that} Emotions are Desires,
and that the two elementary Desires are :
i., the Desire to unite with an object that
causes Pleasure ; and ii., the Desire to separate
from an object which causes Pain ; in other
words, Attraction and Repulsion, Like and
Dislike, Love and Hate, or , any other pair of
names that may seem best)

In the hope of suggesting a possibly
fruitful line of thought, and therefore even at
the risk of being supposed to propound a mere
verbal quibble, it may be stated here that Love,
the desire to unite with something else, implies
the consciousness of the possibility of such
union, and that its full significance is this : an
instinctive, ingrained, inherent preception by each
individual Self, each Jfvdtmd, of its essential
underlying unity, oneness (*WWT Ekatd} with
all other Jfvitmds, all other Selves ; unity

ESSENTIAL NATURE OF EMOTION. 31

in the Being of the All-Self, the Supreme Self,
the Pratyagatma; and the consequently inevitable
endeavour of these individual Selves, these frag-
ments of the one Self, to break through the walls
separating each from each the walls that have
disrupted the original " one " into the " many "
and thus merge into each other and reform the
single whole. So too the full significance of
Hate is the instinctive perception by each Self
now identified with a larger or smaller mass
of the Not-Self, of Mvilaprakriti, matter of
the non-identity, the inherent separateness, the
manyness (TRTfW ndmitvti) of each Not-Self,
each atom of Mulaprakriti, from every other
atom, every other Not-Self, and its endeavour
to maintain such separate existence at all costs
and by all means.

CHAPTER III.

THE PRINCIPAL EMOTIONS AND THEIR
ELEMENTS.

We have said that Attraction and Repulsion,
Like and Dislike, Love and Hate, are the
primary, basic Desire-Emotions. A rapid
recapitulation of the facts involved in these
may be useful ; and in the course of the re-
capitulation, an important and necessary
addition will be made to the general idea of the
nature of Emotion outlined in the preceding
chapter.

" Attraction," " Like," Love " implies :
i. That contact, association, with another
object has at some time been found empiri-
cally to result in pleasure, | Though the general
question as to which precedes the other,
desire or pleasure, is incapable of solution
here, there seems to be sufficient ground for
assuming, for our present purpose, that, con-
fining ourselves to a single life of a human
being, the first experience of the new-born
32

THE PRINCIPAL EMOTIONS.

33

infant is a general, vague, undefined craving,
want, desire for nourishment, for something
that will keep up its life. The mother's milk
supplies this want, and from that moment of
positive, definite pleasure, the indefinite want is
specialised into a distinct desire, a liking for the
milk, j Therefore it does not appear to be
incorrect to say generally that " Attraction "
implies a previously experienced pleasure, i

ii. It also implies that there is a memory of
this past fact, and {

iii. That there is expectation of a similar
pleasure occurring in the future under similar
circumstances. Lastly,

iv. That there is in consequence a desire
for repeated contact, for association, for union
with that object. f But that

iv. (a) While contact and association are
possible an absolute union is impossible.
Where " union " (and here too it is after all
only apparent) is possible, as between the feeder
and the food, the desire remains a desire only.
It does not advance into the condition of an
emotion proper, which is the attitude of one
Jtva towards another Jiva, between which two
Jfvas an absolute union is impossible, though
an ever closer approach to it is possible, apd is
being always made in the world-process. | An
Emotion is, thus, a desire plus the cognition
C

34 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

involved in the attitude of one Jfva towards
another!

As to what the real truth is of the
apparently complete union between feeder and
food ; as to whether there is any truth in the
distinction of animate and inanimate ; as to
how subjects, Jfvas, becoming embodied in
Upddhis, sheaths, masses of the Not-Self, become
objects to each other ; as to how and why each
Jfva atom carries in its very being and con-
stitution both the po\vers of attraction and
repulsion, whereby there results the impossibility
of an absolute union or an absolute separation
these are questions for the Metaphysic of the
Jfvdtml

But the facts enumerated above as being
implied in all Emotion are based on that Meta-
physic; and it has to be mastered if they are
to be understood in their entirety, f These ^ame
facts, studied in the light of that Metaphysic,
exclusively and truly explain the process of the
growth of Individuality, of Ahamkdra, step by
step, through the various " bodies," " sheaths,"
"sharfras," "koshas," of Vedintic and Theo-
ophical literature, f

To return ; the expected pleasure pictured
in imaginationimagination and expectation
represent only slightly different aspects of the
same mental process interblending with the

THE PRINCIPAL EMOTIONS.

35

desire, and the two together constituting a
special mental mood, have, as before stated,
been taken generally as one Emotion-feeling,
rather than one Emotion-desire ; attention
having been more taken up with and fixed by
the pleasure-element than the desire-element.

Feelings proper are, as already stated, only
Pleasure and Pain, which are special degrees
of Self-cognition, Self-feeling, Self-realisation,
Self-consciousness.

The very word Emotion indicates that in the
beginning, at the time the word was formed,
the desire-element and the idea of the motion
and action consequent on desire were more
prominently and truly present before the minds
of the men who first framed and used the word.
(' Emotion is only a form of motion ; motion
towards an object, or away from it, in the
mind, is Emotion. I

Let us see now how this simple primary
form of Emotion (defined as a desire plus an
intellectual cognition), this movement towards
an object, Attraction, Like, Love, differentiates
into and evolves the more complex forms, as
between human being and human being.
*/L Attraction -plus the consciousness of the
equality with one's Self of the attractive object,
m Affection, or Love proper.
^ ii. Attraction plus the consciousness of the

Y

I

r 36 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS,

( ,
I superiority to one's Self of the attractive object,

, ' is/Reverence.

^iii. Attraction plus the consciousness of the

* r inferiority to one's Self of the attractive object,
!| islBenevolence.

/How the distinctions of equality, superiority,

,H< and inferiority arose between Self and Self,

J{va and Jfva ; how indeed the Peace of the

'[' Supreme was broken up into the dual of

! ! Pleasure and Pain ; how in its motionlessness

there appeared Attraction and Repulsion | what

\ the true meaning of Power, Force, Ability to

J } cause or undergo a change, Ability to attract

or to repel, is ; how the One and the Many arose

I-, side by side in the Distinct ionless ; for a

,|i solution of these intimately connected and

intensely absorbing questions without a satis*
1J| factory solution of which indeed final satisfaction
',y is not possible for such solution Metaphysic
I proper must again be referred to. For we are
| dealing here with relations between the existing

| and not with origins.

| *, But it seems desirable and possible also at

this place to make an effort to explain what the
) meaning is of these cognitionai elements, the

I ! consciousness of equality, superiority, and inferi-

ority, which play such an important part in the
structure and development of the Emotions, and
'/ which are indeed the sole cause of their differ-

THE PRINCIPAL EMOTIONS. 37

entiation from the homogeneity of Love or Hate
into the heterogeneou^ness of numberless kinds,
shades, and grades. 1A physical analogy will
serve our purpose completely. Given attraction
between two magnets properly placed, that
which moves the other towards itself without
itself displaying motion would be called the
more powerful magnet ; while the other would
as clearly be called the less powerful. But
if the two should, both of them, move towards
each other simultaneously and meet half-way,
they would be called equal in power. The case
is exactly the same between Jfva and Jiva.
Given attraction between two Jfvas, that which
moves towards the other first is so far the
inferior ; that which moves the other towards
itself first, is in that space and time the
superior. If the two should move towards
each other simultaneously then they are equaL
I The same idea may be expressed in other
words, thus : Love Is the desire for union with
the object loved, and therefore ever tends to
bring subject and object to one level in order
that they may unite and become one. I The fact
that one Jfva possesses a quality which meets a
want in another Jfva lies at the root of their
mutual attraction ; it furnishes the common
ground, the possibility of unity, of coming
together, between them. Where these wants

38 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

and other corresponding supplies are both about
equally divided between two Jfvas, so that each
has wants that the other supplies, we may speak
of them as equal ; for each is inferior to the
other in his wants, superior to the other in his
corresponding supplies, and these deficiencies
and superfluities existing on both sides, their
sums balance each other. I Exchange will go on
till deficiencies and superfluities alike have
disappeared. 1 Where the wants of one Jfva are
his distinguishing characteristic in his relation to
another Jfva whose distinguishing characteristic
is his power to supply those wants, we may
speak of them as inferior and superior. Here
also the action of Love gradually leads to
equalisation, las the superior fills up the
deficiencies of the inferior, thus lifting him to
'his own level and making union possible. |
Repulsion, Dislike, Hate, may be analysed in

t' exactly the same manner as Attraction, and

hi yields the three principal sub-divisions of

>f'<k i- Anger In the case of the equality of the

Jii object of it ;

;f ii- Fear In the case of the superiority of

i* "! the object of it ;

\| iii. PrideIn the case of the inferiority of

; the object of it.

All mental moods whatever which are by
ff general consensus called Emotions as also many

THE PRINCIPAL EMOTIONS. 39

which are not so-called but which are in truth m

well deserving of being so-called will, on close
analysis, be found (#) either to fall under one or
other of these two triplets which cover the six
principal Emotions of humanity ; or, (<5) to be
compounds consisting of elements taken from
both. The mental moods which are not
generally recognised as Emotions fail to be so
recognised only because they are not so intense
as the others, and are accompanied with a less
degree of general excitement expansion or
contractionof the system (speaking physi-
ologically) and of the Self (speaking psycholo-
gically). In them the desire-element which
stamps a mental mood as Emotion and induces
urgently to action is weak, sometimes so weak
as to be imperceptible ; while the cognitional,
the intellectual element is strong and prominent.
In the ordinary books on Psychology they are
either not treated of at all, or are vaguely and
loosely referred to the department of the
intellect exclusively. Examples of them will
appear later on.

"I
1

CHAPTER IV.

THE SUB-DIVISIONS OF TUB: PRINCIPAL

EMOTIONS.

Let us now try to follow out the complex
developments of these comparatively simple
Emotions with special reference to the desire-
aspect of them.

| i. The attraction felt to an equal is the desire
for union with the attractive object by means
of equal reciprocation, By reciprocation, because
an absolute union is possible only by the dissolu-
tion of the forms enshrining and making separate
the Jfvas, of the forms through and in which
\\ only Love (as well as Hate) between J{va and

f;) J*va becomes possible! By equal reciprocation,

;ft because the two termini of the nexus, the two

f| parties to the relation, being equal, neither has

j;; : any net surplus to give away to the other,

I neither suffers from any net deficiency which

/,; c uld be supplied from the stock of the other.

;> O nl y an exchange, is possible. And the more

V varied the things exchanged, the more constant

-,] and rapid the intercourse, the more complete

\ * 40

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTIONS. 41

and all-sided the gratification of the requirements
of each by the other, the greater, the more
perfect the Love. But always only the more
perfect always only a greater and greater
approximation to perfection ; never the perfect,
for that implies absolute identification where-
with Love ceases. And hence the mysterious
(because unanalysed), never-gratified, ever-vague,
ever more inward-receding longings of Love, the
sex-love especially of early youth.

The degree of reciprocation, and the objects
in regard to which it takes place, are the sources
of the sub-division of this head of Emotion into
many minor heads.

i Desire for union, for harmony, by reciproca-
tion in merely social matters, between persons
superficially acquainted, and mostly confined to
the avoidance on either side of acts which would
make the other feel inferior and small, and the
performance of such as would promote and
strengthen the feeling of equality {-such recipro-
cation corresponds to that mental mood which is
indicated by the word Politeness, Making way
for and salutation of each other are instances
of the physical manifestation of this mood.

A higher decree of reciprocation in matters
deeper than those involved in ordinary social
intercourse, underlies the Emotion of Friendship.
A Samskrit verse sums up the features of

42 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Friendship, rather prosaically no doubt, but in
a way which very aptly illustrates and confirms
the truth of the analysis which lies at the root
of the present classification :

Nr *j$ ^fj *jpiftfif ** t
ufipjigjiftf 1 tfipi ft^s^Pt u f
" Sixfold is the characteristic of the friend : he
gives and receives presents, confides and is
entrusted with secrets, entertains and is enter-
tained at feasts."

The prominent physical manifestation is the
hand-shake and the arm-in-arm.

The desire for union by means of the highest
degree of reciprocation possible between human
beings, possible in perfection only between two
human beings of the opposite sexes at the
present stage of evolution, of reciprocation
covering all the departments of human life, is
Love proper. / The physical manifestation is the
\l embrace, the constant association, and the living

I together of family-life.,/

;| ii. Attraction towards a superior where the

| superiority is slight is Respect Respect with

,! regard to some one quality or more, where the

! I object of that Respect is inferior in other qualities >

* I becomes Esteem for the whole man. The

,; physical accompaniment is the iran*l

f \ the bow.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTIONS. 43

4 Where the superiority is greater the Emotion
becomes Reverence, Veneration, finding expres-
sion in "kneeling for a blessing," "touching the
feet," " bending."

Where it is complete, as that of one who is
regarded as the Creator, it becomes Worship,
Adoration, appearing in " prostration before
tip Lorcl."|

^ In the above three cases the desire for union
which desire inevitably takes shape as imitation
leading to equalisation, absolute union being
impossible, as said before, without breaking up
the material forms or Upddhis lis the desire for
equalisation by receiving from the superior, as is
unmistakably manifest in the upturned hand of
prayer in the case of worship, and is present,
though not so expressly, in the other forms also.

| The stages through which a worshipper passes
in his worship show the equalising power of Love
in a remarkable way. At first he is chiefly
conscious of the immense superiority of the
object of his worship, and his longing for union
finds expression in the wish to submit himself to
guidance to efface his difference : " Thy will be
done, O Lord, not mine." This substitution of
the will of another for his own produces in him
a likeness to the object of worship, assimilating
his own nature to that of the higher one, until
he reaches the point where he is no longer

44 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

conscious of the existence of two wills, one of
which is subordinated to the other, and where
the expression of his Emotion is : " Thy will and
mine, Lord, are one.") This is the cry of
perfect Love, in which worship is replaced by
ecstasy, by a sense of union achieved. The
impulse of Self-surrender which is found in the
worshipper is not due to any feeling on his part
that he has something to give which is wanted
by, or can supply a want in, the object of
worship; I but is rather a complete throwing
away of everything which might stand in the
way of the free flowing in of the superfluity of
the superior, so that by the reception of that
superfluity he may be raised to the level where
union becomes possible by equality, by identity,
of nature. | It should be noted here that worship
is made with one of two ends, (i.) the one seeks
to secure and prays for some gain to the Self of
the worshipper as separate from all other Selves ;
J, (ii.) the other seeks the good of that Self only

1 1 as united and one with all other Selves, In the

f|| former case the Self-surrender (which constitutes

H Devotion and is the common accompaniment

ft of worship and generally the indispensable

is | f condition of its fruitfulness and success), how-

fi ever apparently and outwardly complete and

jj unreserved, is in reality conditioned and reserved

by the primary and ever-internally-present aim

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTIONS. 45

of the particular benefit desired. This is what
is known as ^PITTO *?: Sakdma Tapah^ worship
or asceticism or sacrifice with an object, with
a wish to gain, to get some particular thing or
power. On this path lies the danger of which
it is said, " Even great ones fall back." In the
other case, where the Self is surrendered to the
Ideal of Self-Sacrifice, to the Ishvara who is
the Lord and the Incarnation of Sacrifice, and
only to Him and to those who are His repre-
sentatives in high offices of Self-sacrifice, how-
ever openly reserved and conditioned with
reason the surrender may be, yet it only is in
reality internally complete, for that reason itself
is universal and all-embracing, and not a limited
and limiting desire for the benefit of one only.
! Such surrender, dictated and governed by
universal Reason, is the true and permanent
Devotion which is instanced in the case of
the Purdnic Rishis whose Tapas is ipif^TttT^
(Jagad-dhit-drtham\ for the good of the world $
whereas the other Devotion is only temporary,
as shown in the case of the Daityas and Astiras,
who performed sacrifice only till they had
obtained the boons of power that they had
craved all along, and then threw devotion and
penance to the winds.

From the above it will appear that while
the Emotion of Worship pure and simple is

46 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

"the desire for equalisation by receiving,
Devotion is something more than this ; it will
be treated of again later,

iii. Attraction towards an inferior is Kindness,)'
having as physical manifestation the smile of
welcome, encouraging approach by assuring a
kindly response, and meaning, here,! the sense
of " superiority," of " moreness " that is willing
to give, is accompanied by the desire to give|
(The various meanings of S4 smile lf and
"laughter" will be discussed later. The smile
referred to here is of course not the same as
the smile of self-complacence or irony*)

Attraction in a greater degree towards an
inferior, is Tendernesswherein the physical
manifestations are more prominent, more
intense, passing into caress. * I

I Lastly, it is Pity proper, and Compassion, '*
, /Jf whereof tears are the first physical expression,

! jj tears that mean the overflow in gift of the

v| surplus of the greater, even earlier than

( || the outstretched and downward turning palm

4i of giving.|

,'l|i ' 'In these three sub-divisions of Benevolence

^| the. realisation of the desire for union, i>.|for {

]| equalisation, is sought by the superior by means f*

| of giving to the inferior from his own excess, f

| f and so bringing him up to his own level J And -

/| the acceptance by the worshipped of the \

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTION. 47

worshipper's first humble sacrifice, by the
mother of service from her son, by the bene-
factor of a mark of gratitude from him to whom
he has done good, is not a refutation of the fact
that Benevolence is "giving. It only means
the gracious accord of equality to him who was
erstwhile so helpless and so helped. ( Vide the
analysis of Devotion, later on.)

Notice here that the tendency on the side of
Attraction is to culminate in the equality-union
of Lovef though relations might and very often
do begin with inferiority on the one side and
superiority on the other! The reverse is the
case on the other side of feeling, where Repulsion
is the motor-power. The ways of virtue starting
from two points, compassion and humility, meet
in Love. The way of vice starting from anger,
diverges endlessly into scorn and fear. But
notice also that Love, in the abstract, is neither
selfish nor unselfish. It is the coming together
of two equals, neither of whom in the end gains
anything from the other : it is there the very
climax and the end of virtue. So too Hate, in
the abstract, is neither selfish nor unselfish. It
is the going apart of two equals, neither of whom
at the beginning has taken anything but will
begin to try to take all from the other : and it
is thus the beginning of vice.

As Love is the desire for union with the

4 8

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

object loved by equalisation, by reciprocation,
so is Hate the desire for separation from the
object hated by differentiation, by inequalisation.
And aslLove between human being and human
being is not compatible with complete identi-
fication of either party with the other, so neither
is Hate compatible with total suppression or
annihilation of either, |

At first sight it might seem that complete
separation is best secured only by such annihila-
tion, and it is true that in its pure nakedness
the desire constituting Hate would be the desire
for complete annihilation of the object hated ;
but this form of the desire is inevitably changed
by the necessity of the conditions under which
alone the mutual play of the Self and the Not-
Self is possible, ' The case of Love is the same.
The desire of Love is the desire for complete
identification ; \ but the desire can never be
fulfilled, except by the disappearance of Love
with the disappearance of its object |

Such absence of Love and of Hate, absence
of movement, absence of the one and the many,
absence of the abstract and the concrete,
absence of Pratyagitmd and Mulaprakriti,
Belongs to the Absolute, the Parabrahm, the
Paramdtml But the discussion of that ques-
tion belongs to Metaphysic, as also of the
intimately-connected question which takes its

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTIONS. 49

rise directly from the problem stated in the
preceding paragraph whether Moksha having a
commencement has an end also or not. It
would be unending if complete identification
into one of those which were two were possible.
Otherwise, however close the approximation,
however long even the appearance of identi-
fication in certain exalted states, there will be
an end and a re-disruption and the beginning of '*'

another kalpa.

The result of these considerations is that it f >

appears that Hate proper cries : " I wish mine
enemy had a hundred lives, so I might slay him
over and over again ;" that Hate is as insatiable
as Love ; for with annihilation of its object it
itself dies.

The sub-divisions of the primary emotion of
Repulsion, Hate, Dislike, are exactly analogous
to the sub-divisions of the opposite emotion.

i The Repulsion causing separation by
inequalisation between two parties that are
actually equal is, in the preliminary degree,
Rudeness, Brusqueness, even Reserve and
Chillness in a certain sense. The physical
manifestation is " keeping off," " mutual distance,"
" turning the cold shoulder."

At those stages of human evolution, in those
times and places, in those races, in which the
separated Self and intelligence are strongly
D

50 SCIENCE OK THE EMOTIONS.

developed, this mood of Reserve, of "mind
your own business,'* and ** keep your distance/*
this absence of " gush," and suppression of
" maudlinness " or " effusiveness " or *' fussiness "
as the opposite mood is described by a some-
times exaggerated contempt is most marked.
Its real nature is so little understood that it is
often regarded with some pride, as a manly
virtue in itself, apart from any special reasons
or circumstances.

| In the next higher degree the desire for
separation becomes Anger proper, Enmity,
Hostility. | The physical manifestation is " pre-
paration to strike down the other/' "exchange
of abuse, or blows," amongst simple unrefined
natures where the physique prevails over the
mind ; and amongst the so-called cultured and
refined and complex-minded, it becomes the
exchange of <( cutting " sarcasm, and " crushing "
retort, and " piercing" taunt, &c.

The last stage is Wrath and Rage and Hate
proper, and open war ancl frantic endeavour to
suppress each other entirely, physically and
mentally, by whatever means ancl weapons come
to hand first, when even Bhfshma and Arjuna,
the ideal warriors of the MahAbhdrata story,
forget the laws of chivalry, and senators in the
legislative halls of nations use their fists and
fling ink-pots and blue-books at each other.

SUB-DIVISIONS OF EMOTIONS. 51

ii. Repulsion from a superior where the
superiority is slight and not definitely recog-
nisable, the desire for inequalisation by making
him inferior, coupled with the consciousness of
inability to do so, is Apprehension. The physical
manifestation is shrinking.

D The next degree, where the superiority of
the object of dislike is greater, is Fear and
Terror proper ; the physical manifestation is
"avoidance" and "running away,"i
I' The third and culminating stage is that of
Horror, where the dislike as well as the
superiority of its object arc at their greatest, and
the physical manifestation corresponding to the
consciousness of complete inferiority and power-
lessness is, " paralysis of the limbs," " powerless-
ness even to stir and run away."|

iii. Repulsion plus the consciousness of the
inferiority of the object of Repulsion, the desire
for further separation from it by means of further
inequalisation, and the consciousness of ability to
bring about such further inequalisation, is, when
the inferiority of the object of Repulsion is slight,
mere Supercilousness, Self-importance. The
physical manifestation is " looking down upon,' 1
" holding the head high," " toss of the head."

In the next degree it is Scorn, Contempt,
the physical manifestation of which is the
" sneer/' " the curled lip." <|

I I 4l

111

52 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

The third stage is Disdain, manifested in

the " spuming away " of the object, the ** relent-
less crushing" of it, <c the treading of it into the
dust," "planting the heel on the neck/' "reducing
to slavery," " breaking the spirit."

i;

CHAPTER V.

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS.

It seems desirable at this stage to consider
certain possible objections in detail.

The facts of outright murder on the one hand,
and of uttermost self-sacrifice of life on the
other, seem to conflict with the theory of the
nature of Love and of Hate propounded here.
But the reconciliation is to be found in the
consideration that even in these cases when
they are true instances of Love and Hate-
there is in the consciousness the perpetuation of
the relation of Love or of Hate, as the case
may be.

This explanation will not appear very satis-
factory to those who have not yet seen reason
to believe that the individual Self, the J/va, has
any life apart from the present physical body.
Yet the fact of the consciousness of a perpetual,
unending relation is verifiable by them too.
When a person deliberately and voluntarily
S3

54 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

undergoes suffering for the well-being of
another, even to the extent of giving up his
life ; when he does so silently, in concealment,
and unrecognised ; when he is, over and above
all this, an atheist, an agnostic,, a non-believer in
a soul and a future life by the conviction of his
intelligence ; even under all these circumstances,
if his mind were looked into with sufficient
scrutiny, there would be found in it, a desire
for recognition, suppressed by some stronger
motive ; a consciousness, a sub-consciousness it
may be, that his act of self-sacrifice might have
a permanent, a lasting, nay, a perpetual value ;
and a long series of the beneficial results of the
act would be present in his consciousness,
thereby extending that consciousness actually
over all that period, notwithstanding the Hide-
belief that the consciousness would be cut short
in a limited time. The truth here is that the
side-belief is a mere word-beliefthere is no real
modification of consciousness corresponding to
it; Consciousness can nev&r imagine its own
cessation./

(P&nchadashi L 7.)

" Through the numberless months, years, yugas
and kalpas, past and to come in the exhaustless

x n

If

(Dcvi-Bhdgavatam IIL 32. xv^ xvi\)

" Never has the cessation of consciousness
been witnessed ; or if it has been, then the
witness thereof himself remains as the embodi-
ment of consciousness."/

It has just been said that cases of murder and
of self-sacrifice of life when they are true
instances of Love and Hateare reconcileable
with the theory put forward here. Other cases
do not need such reconciliation and they are no
less frequent.

Let us consider what would be true instances
of the relinquishment of one's own life and the
taking of another for pure Love and pure Hate
respectively. And first the precise significance
of Love and Hate should be fixed in this
reference. Which one or more of the three
principal phases of each can be meant here?

On the side of Love, such absolute self-
surrender involving complete self-extinction
would, at first sight, appear to be possible in the
case of all the three phases, A greater might

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS. 55

f i

future, what rises not nor sets is this one Self-
luminous consciousness alone."

56 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

conceivably! give himself away wholly to a
smaller to enlarge the latter' s life. So a
smaller might also give himself to the greater
and be absorbed into his larger life?| But is
this possible? Apparently not, from what
has been said before as to the nature of
Devotion, The superior cannot take from the
lesser, and so increase inferiority* Such an
absorption is not possible in the case of equals
either. It involves a reasoning in a circle. Each
cannot become absorbed in the other, only one
may in another, I The result is that only a
greater can give himself away to a lesser ; and
the meaning of Love in this special connection
is therefore Benevolence, I

What is the case on the side of I late ? Equals
as equals, and while continuing equals, cannot
harm each other. | And the lesser can clearly
not suppress the greater. Thus in the case of
Hate too, only the greater can suppress and
take the life of the lesser; and so in this
reference Hate means Pricle. '

Unfortunately the word Pricle does not express
all that is meant to be expressed. And there
t^ does not appear to be another English word*

|J scarcely even a Samskrit word, though iRp,

|i, Moda^ comes very near to it to express the

.- ;f exact opposite of Benevolence, to express Hate

4 //^superiority in strength ^k? active exercise

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS. 57

of both. Tyranny approaches most nearly.
Hate, Tyranny, and Pride will therefore be used
rather imprecisely in the succeeding paragraphs
as each seems fittest and most expressive.

It should also be noted that the words
"greater" and "lesser" have been used above in
a precise and limited signification, restricted to
the ability to give or take life.

Passing on after this preliminary limitation of
the signification of Love and Hate in instances
of self-sacrifice and of slaughter proceeding from
them, we find that the cases where the death,
and the death alone, of the physical body of
the benefactor is absolutely necessary for the
purpose of the benefaction, and is consciously,
deliberately, and fully premeditated, are,
fortunately for humanity, few. ?The Buddha,
in a previous incarnation, giving up his
Brdhmana-body in invincible and joyous tender-
ness to feed the life of the famishing tigress and
her cubs j^wives sucking the poisoned wounds
of husbands and dying ; shipwrecked sailors
tossed on rafts for week after week, and casting
lots to decide whose body should first be
sacrificed to feed his starving comrades ; healthy
persons giving blood in large quantities for
transfusion into the veins of the sick are very
infrequent instances in tradition and history.
In most other cases the self-sacrifice of life is

t

!\ . 58 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

incidental and not premeditated, not even
strongly expected as probable, as in rescues
from fire or water or weapons. In such cases
the giving up of life is not necessary, very often
the exact opposite is necessary, to the achieve-
ment of the object of the action,

In the case of Hate Pride plus Tyranny
unfortunately for humankind, the action whereof
the suppression of another's life is the direct and
premeditated object is very frequent at this
point of small progress in human evolution,

The causes and beginnings of Hate are, in
strict theory, not more numerous than those of
Love amongst embodied Jfvas. But the instinct
of Love is unity ; hence Benevolence begins by
giving up one after another the many things
that make up embodied life, in order to secure,
in the receding end, the unity of two Selves.
An utter self-sacrifice of life is therefore seldom
required. The instinct of Hate on the other
hand is separateness ; and where it is strong
an d rampant it would begin by at once taking
away in imagination only if it cannot in
actuality the separate life and Self of the other,
as the very root, in order wholly, easily, and
effectually to suppress all the rest that constitues
the existence of that other. In lawless and
savage races the slaughter of human beings,
on the slightest occasions, is in consequence

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS.

59

immense. But in ordered and well-governed
societies where the very fact of social organisa-
tion shows that the elements of Love and
harmony and union are more or less prevalent
over the elements of Hate and discord and dis-
order the Hate is less strong, and would not, or
is not allowed to, begin with murder, but gener-
ally commences with inflicting minor injuries
and losses.

In the result, the fact remains that there is
much more murder caused by true Hate than
self-sacrifice of life by Love.

Cases of murder for robbery and for sex-
jealousy wherein the " separate Self" seeks its
own comfort and preservation and propagation
either in and through its own physical body, or
in and through its progeny are cases of rather
indirect Hate, There is the desire to gain some-
thing which is likely to cause pleasure and
enhance life. But as this is a desire in and for
the " separate Self/ 1 and not in and for the
" united Self," there is a conflict over It between
the two separate Selves concerned, instead of
union ; and this conflict becomes the conflict of
manifest Hate. If there were no such conflict,
the underlying Hate would not come to the
surface. Cannibals, travellers' accounts say,
treat their future victims with great care and
tenderness, and fatten them up ; and there is no

n

T

1 J

H

1 > | 60 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

I j

'* *1 sign of Hate at all in their relations. But let

.5 J the victim resist his immolation, and Wrath and

; i| Hate are at once aroused.

; If This belongs to travellers' stories, which

'\\ cannot be verified by everybody's personal

'*|J3 experience. Let us take what is within the

I Jt> i reach of every one.

', j Poulterers, and beef, mutton, and pork-

j l J breeders feed and tend their animals very care-

V; fully, even affectionatelyshall we say ? and

j e I enhance their life for the time being by fattening

,'^Sj them up, and so do exactly what Love would do

k| rather than Plate in similar circumstances. But

f>>, imagine what the case would be if one of these

animals resisted yielding up its flesh when it
was required of him to add to the flesh of its
master. The rage and roar of wild animals
tearing their prey are only due to the resistance
of the prey, to its endeavour to keep its flesh
for itself. This conflict of desires brings out
the hidden Hate. So far as the mere flesh is
concerned the tiger loves not its mate more
dearly than it loves the antelope. It rends not
its mate as it rends the antelope, because it
finds in that mate possibilities of repeated
j I j pleasures, which can be secured by the fostering

of that mate and would be lost by the rending
of it. It has no such inducement to preserve
rather than destroy in the case of the deer.

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS, 6 1

In other words, the emphasising of the
" united Self" with reference to a common
object of desire is Love ; the emphasising
of the " separate Selves " with reference to a
common object of desire is Hate.

In other cases the Hate is more direct In
the case of insults and affronts, of reflections
upon each other's superiority, of non-admission
of such, of the desire to " cut clown tall poppies,"
&c, &c,, the desire to suppress each other has
no other distant and indirect motive and object

\\

(Kirdtdr juniya.)

*/'

" It is the very nature of the great and proud

that they cannot endure the rise of others."
These it may perhaps be said are instances oj
true Hate causing murder in a special sense. v x
The deaths in wars are, it may be noted, con-
nected with both Benevolence and Tyranny.
In so far as the fighters fight for what they
believe to be a righteous cause, and risk their
lives for the sake of the general good of their
country, they are dominated by the one
Emotion ; in so far as they fight for mere
robbery of land, or money, or similar physical
advantages of commerce, &c. however specious
the names given to the causes of the war they
are dominated by the other.

62

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

All these cases will, it seems, be covered by
the theory of a perpetuation of the relation in
consciousness and so in subsequent lives,
according to the Indian doctrine on the subject.
Beginning with Anger, each party to a relation
of Repulsion endeavours to separate the other as
much as possible from himself. This he seeks
to secure by taking away from that other all
that makes up his being, and so making him
inferior to and distant from himself. The other
reciprocates and so " exchange of blows " goes
on, till the relation of Anger is changed into the
relation of Pride on the one hand and Fear on
the other. The former then exclaims : " I have
broken this creature's spirit." The other bears
away in his heart the bitterness and ashes of
despair, the ever-burning fire of secret rage, and
rankling sense of mortification and malice.
This is the commonest development of relations
of Repulsion. Sometimes, only too frequently,
the relation apparently ends in the death of one
party caused by the violence of the other. But
so long as the Hate continues in the heart of the
survivor, the other party is also present in his
mind and to his consciousness, and the relation
has not really ended ; witness the boasting
over destroyed enemies, arches and monu-
ments of triumph, and periodical cele-
brations, &c., &c. Even when the Hate dies,

CERTAIN POSSIBLE OBJECTIONS. 63

and is succeeded (through natural reaction
coming sooner or later, as it must, in the same
life or in another) by Remorse and other sub-
sequent moods, then too the relation between
the two continues, the two are still together in
consciousness ; but the nature of the relation
has of course changed.

And so all the component parts, all the Jivas,
of a world are and continue to be bound to
each other in relations of Love or Hate by the
bonds of memory and consciousness, till the
bonds are loosened by knowledge in the way
that will appear later on.

CHAPTER VI.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE EMOTIONS
WITH VIRTUES AND VICES.

From what has gone before it Immediately
follows that the virtues and vices of mankind
are only the Emotions become permanent : they
are only permanent moods of feeling, guiding
modes of action, \ In the case of virtues they
are the Emotions on the side of Love ; in the
case of vices those on the side of Hate.f Indeed,
this is so much the case that, even without the
fact being clearly recognised, the same word is
often found denoting a particular Emotion as
well as the virtue or vice corresponding to it ;
for instance, compassion and pride. It requires
only to name the corresponding Emotions and
the virtues and vices side by side respectively to
show at once the truth of the statement made
above.

The permanent aspects of the principal
Emotions named before, appearing in man as
overruling and predominant moods of feeling,

CORRESPONDENCE OF EMOTIONS. 65

affecting, colouring, and guiding his modes of
action, are :

On the side of Love :

The Attraction between equals in the three
ascending stages before mentioned (pp. 40-42)
gives rise to :

Politeness Good manners Courtesy Bland-
ness.

Friendliness Helpfulness- Sociability.

Lovingness An affectionate nature Domes-
ticity.
/ Attraction to a superior similarly produces :

Modesty Unobtrusiveness -Mildness.

Reverence Seriousness Earnestness
Gravity Sedateness- Staidness Non-flippant-
ness.

Meekness Humility- Obedience Gratitude.
Attraction to an inferior :

Kindliness Appreciativeness Goodwill
Urbanity Condescension Suavity,

Gentleness Softness Sweetness Kind-
heartedness.

Compassionateness Pitifulness Benevo-
lence.

\jf' On the side of Hate, they are, similarly :
Towards equals :

Rudeness - Brusqueness Churlishness.

Moroseness Sullenness Irascibility
Peevishness,
E

66

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

j

'.

Cholericness Bearishness Ill-temper,
Towards superiors ;

Timidity Suspiciousness Shyness.

Timorousness.

Cowardice Vindictivencss Revengefulness.
Towards inferiors :

Superciliousness Nil admirari Slighting-
ness Self-complacence.

Self-importance Aggressiveness Obtrusive-
ness.

Scornfulness Disdainfulness Hauteur-
Pride.

The above general list is sufficient illustration
of the proposition stated at the beginning of this
chapter, and also of the complexity and subtlety
of shade which prevails among human Emotions
at the present stage of evolution, making indis-
tinguishable the line at which Emotions pass into
permanent moods, and become mental facts
which are not allowed the name of Emotions in
ordinary language, nor even of virtues or vices,
sometimes.

This subject leads on immediately to the
consideration of a number of mental phases
which require careful analysis in order that they
may be brought into line with the procession of
thoughts followed hitherto.

The complete significance, in all their mental
associations, of the facts that are denoted

CORRESPONDENCE OF EMOTIONS. 67

by the words virtue and vice ; why the one
should be followed and the other eschewed ;
and many related questions ; these belong
to the Metaphysic of Ethics, the necessary
sequel to the Metaphysic of the Emotions, as
the Metaphysic of the Self is its necessary
precursor.

The outlines thereof may have to be touched
on afterwards in connection with the question
(which belongs to a later stage) of the practical
cultivation of virtues and the eradication of
vices by means of the regulation of the
Emotions.

CHAPTER VII.

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

Many Emotions, virtues, and vices which are
pre-eminently called by those names nowadays,
and are more prominently noticeable in human
intercourse than some of the others before-
mentioned, have as yet not even been named
amongst those others. The reason for this is
that on analysis they appear to be compound
rather than simple, made up of more than one
of those described before, sometimes of Emotions
on the same side, i.e. of Love only, or of Hate
only, and sometimes of elements taken from *
both sides. The last kind, indeed, figure the
most prominently in present human life, for the
reason that they because of their very nature ;
involve the greatest and completest exercise and
excitement of the whole of human nature, of I
both sides of it, the good and the bad. The I
battle between these is sharpest at the turning (

point in evolution, just before the one is f

definitely worsted and begins to give way I

68 I

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 69

steadily to the other. For this reason these
emotions fix the attention and impress the
memory in an overpowering degree.

Majesty, dignity, self-control, self-possession,
awesomeness, awe, sublimity, grandeur, magnifi-
cence, magnanimity, admiration, wonder, pathos,
laughter, heroism, devotion, valour, courage,
fortitude, endurance, prudence, discretion,
cautiousness, circumspection, confidence, trust,
faith, diffidence, shyness, distrust, jealousy, envy,
ridicule, humour, malice, spitefulness, mean-
ness, niggardliness, criticalness, fault-finding,
slanderousncss, insolence, crookedness, cruelty,
tyranny, impertinence, greed, lust, disgust,
disgustingness, loathing, abhorrence, Sec., &c.
these are instances of complex emotions.

It would appear indeed at first sight that all,
or almost all the irreducible Emotions, which
had remained behind as hopeless and impossible
to classify after the enumeration of those set
forth in order previously, had been thrown
together pell mell in this list. It is not so.
Scrutiny will disclose that the same basic
principle of analysis and classification applies
to these, and it would be an interesting and
instructive lesson for a student to sort out these
and the many others not named, and assign to
each its proper place in a genealogical scheme
of the Emotions.

/O SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

A brief and rapid analysis of the more
important of these will accordingly be attempted
here, sufficient to indicate how out of the same
simple and homogeneous elements exceeding
heterogeneity grows forth.

Let us begin with Majesty, with which the
above list commences.

With reference to the fact that current
language scarcely tolerates the denomination
of Majesty as an Emotion, it may be restated
here it has already been said before in different
language-4that each Emotion has two aspects, a
subjective and an objective.! The former IB the
aspect of the Emotion as felt by the person
under its influence, actively feeling it and
possessed by it ; the latter is that presented to
other persons, f The Emotions in which the
former aspect predominates are the Emotions
recognised by ordinary language. Those in
which the latter predominates are called merely
qualities. I These qualities again, if their bene-
ficent or maleficent results to others are
prominent, are called virtues and vices respec-
tively. Thus the distinction is only one of
relative permanence, as already stated in the
- chapter on virtues and Vices. It is matter of

common observation that passing feelings leave
'J| almost no trace behind. Great Emotions, long

;H continued, stamp themselves on the features,

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 7 1

passing from the predominantly subjective to
the predominantly objective phase.

In this sense, there is an Emotion of Majesty
underlying and making possible the quality of
Majesty -that is, there are present the subjective
and objective aspects. And that Emotion is an
equal compound of Compassion and Pride
Compassion for the weak, the poor, the good
and the deserving ; and Pride and repressive
strength for the proud and strong and evil and
lawless. Such is the virtue that befits the
J{vas whose part in life is the part of kings and
rulers. And the instinct of man has devised as
physical emblem of this, the sceptre or sword of
punishment in the one hand of the king, and
the globe or bowl or ftrfil^W^ uidki-padniam^
treasure-lotus of gifts in the other.

Dignity is only a lesser degree of Majesty.

Self-control, Self-possession, Self-respect
these are the beginnings and the foundations of
Majesty and Dignity. They stand at the
turning-point between the two opposite sets of
Emotions, They mean, in their true inner and
fullest significance the desire to unite rather than
to separate, the desire to avoid, if possible, the
relations of Hate and discord, and to preserve
and promote those of harmony and Love. This
is their inner, subjective aspect. The outer and
objective aspect is c< unmovedness," "inaccessi-

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

;r

bility to emotion/' " unemotionalness," "un-
emotiveness." These words, taking account of
only the outer condition of the physique accom-
panying the inner mental mood, do not describe
the actual state of things quite correctly. In
fact they are even misleading. They convey
the impression that there is no Emotion at all
beneath Self-control The reverse is the fact,
especially in the case of Jfvas just beginning to
acquire the experience, the faculty, the possibility
of the Emotion or mood of Self-control and Self-
possession. In them the struggle between the
opposing desires, the one tending to break out in
a violent expression of one or other Emotion on
the side of vice, and the other to prevent such an
outbreak and cause rather an expression of an
Emotion on the side of virtue this struggle is
very strong. It is only gradually that the one
nature gains such complete mastery over the
other that the struggle, which does continue to
take place for long, becomes more and more
feeble and unfelt.

The result in the outer man is all through a
deadlock, a stillness, an unmovedness. Held
back by the strong reins of reason of Love,
which is the highest reason, for it founds on
and is that Truth of truths, the unity of Jfvas
the wild unbroken horses of the man's lower
nature stand in apparent motionlessness. But

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 73

look not at that outer motionlessness ; look
rather at the great strain within, if you would
understand the true Emotion - nature of Self-
control.

The above analysis of Self-control is supported
by the ordinary usage of the word. \ When a
person is praised for his Self-control, what is
praised in him is his ability to refrain from the
expression of one of those Emotions which
have been classed above on the side of vice.
But sometimes Self-control is used to denote the
power of restraining an Emotion on the other
side also. This use is due, in the first place,
to the confining of the attention to the outer
result of the Self-control, in which outer result
there is the absence of the appearance of all
Emotion, and not only of evil Emotion.1 In the
second place, when the word is used in this
second sense, with a laudatory implication, that
is due to the special constitution of the races
of men amongst whom such use occurs. In
them the use is due to the mental mood which
has been referred to above, in the analysis
of Reserve and Chilliness, in the case of the
majority. And in the case of the minority,
who would express their better Emotions un-
reservedly, as of Pity by tears, if placed in 1
different circumstances, Self-control, in this
sense, occurs either deliberately and intention-

74 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

ally because they see that the demonstration of
their Emotion would arouse an evil Emotion
of Scorn or Ridicule or the like in others ; or
it occurs unconsciously by force of surroundings
and conventions and circumstances, though the

real reason may be and is the same.

<*

Heroism is only active Majesty: Majesty
as appearing in the moment of action, when the
element of Compassion for and helping of the
weak, and repression of the oppressor, become
manifest in actuality from having been potential.
The former element is, if possible, even more
prominent than the latter. The very essence of
Heroism is giving- the giving of one's property,
one's life, one's most cherished possessions, for
the succour of a weaker and a younger. Com-
pare the Sanskrit expressions, ^nrti:, ^TT^h::,
Ddna-virak, Dayd-virah, the heroic giver, the
hero of Compassion. Public instinct too does
not give the epithet of hero to any one, how-
ever great his deeds, in whose deeds the fact
or possibility of self-sacrifice has not been
m present, who has not undergone actual suffering

. 01* the risk of suffering. In the Mahdbh&rata,

Bhfshma, reading the roll of heroes to Duryo-
' i dhana, denies that title to Drona's son, Ashvat-

thdmi, in every way equal to Arjuna himself as
warrior, because " Ashvatthdmd loves his life, and
fights not regardless of it"

' f

I III,

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 7$

Courage, Valour, Bravery, Fortitude, Endurance
these are grades and kinds of Heroism ; kinds
distinguished from each other by the differing
circumstances in which the superiority which
makes Compassion for the weak and repression
of the strong possible, is displayed ; and grades
distinguished from each other by the varying
extents of that superiority.

That Heroism and Courage, &c., should have
come to be associated almost exclusively with
wars and battles and martial prowess is due to
the "accident" that, in the present stage of
human evolution, the essential characteristics of
these Emotion-virtues are called forth and appear
mainly on the occasions of such struggles. But
with different social and national circumstances
the Heroism and Courage of quiet, unostentatious
even unknown, Self-sacrifice in ordinary life,
apart from slaughter and massacre, will be
recognised more and more prominently, as they
have always been recognised, even if not
prominently, in all true literature.

Diffidence is the opposite of Shyness, As
the latter is incipient fear, is Repulsion plus
the consciousness of the possible^ but not certain
superiority of the object of the Repulsion, so is
Diffidence incipient affection, Attraction plus the
consciousness of the possible, but not certain,
superiority of the object thereof. The outward

76 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

manifestation of Diffidence is hesitation as to
the manner of approach, on terms of equality
or of inferiority. In the case of Shyness the
outward manifestation is hesitation as to
approaching at all.

Because of the incipience of both the Emotions
it often happens that the words respectively
denoting them are used indiscriminately. But
compare the usage in such cases as these : " A
horse shies at an object that frightens him ;"
and "Youth and maiden approach each other
diffidently,"

Where the two are really indistinguishable
the proper explanation would probably be that
the Emotion is a compound of ** uncertain desire
and uncertain consciousness," There is no clear
memory of a past contact and of resultant
pleasure or pain, and consequently no clear
expectation ; hence no certain desire either for
, approach or avoidance, but an oscillation back-
wards and forwards.

The converse of Diffidence is Confidence, as
that of Shyness is Distrust, settled Disbelief.
This is plain even in the ordinary usage of
words. Confidence in another means Attraction
plus the consciousness of the certain Benevolence,
or Friendliness, or Humility any one of the
three towards oneself, of the person liked, with

\ f 1 reference to another object of desire. This is

I > j

\ a

equality to the task, to the occasion, plus the
desire to approach it and take it up. Lay the
stress here on equality and not on task or
occasion. Confidence is the feeling and the feel-
ing may be one either of Attraction or Repulsion
pins the consciousness of ability to carry out
into action the particular specialised form of that
desire, whether one of Attraction or Repulsion.
The feeling mostly takes shape as a general
excitement or elation, that being the appearance
of superiority or ability desirous of, or on the
point of, asserting and proving itself. The mere
intellectual cognition of one's own power would
be only knowledge^ and not the Emotion or
feeling of confidence, which always hides a
desire internally, however calm and unmoved
the exterior may be.

The analysis of Distrust under this other
view is exactly similar.

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 77

an illustration of a combination of a simple >'

Emotion in one person with a complex conscious- f

ness of an Emotion-virtue in another to form a ^

new Emotion. '\^

Distrust is similarly Replusion plus con- ' '.j'.

sciousness of the certain Scorn or Anger or Fear <V^

towards one Self of the other who is the object of ! !|

that Repulsion, with reference to another object !v

of desire. If

In another view Confidence is the feeling, ' ^j

the consciousness, the certainty of one's own " J

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

<*:

Faith, Belief, and Trust, Doubt, Suspicion,
and Misgiving, are respectively allied to
Confidence and Distrust, and are even some-
times only synonyms of these Emotions.

Devotion has already been alluded to as
distinct from Worship. At first sight inasmuch
as it generally and prominently makes a tie
between an inferior and a superior it may
indeed appear to. be a simple, and not a
complex, Emotion of the nature of Worship.
But it is in reality complex. Devotion is a
Self-surrender, a Self-sacrifice, a giving of all one
has to another. Such giving necessarily implies
superiority in the giver, The inferior receives.
But surely if, as already said, the feeling of
Devotion is the feeling of an inferior towards a
superior, and at the same time Devotion implies
giving, and giving implies the superiority of the
giver is there not here an insuperable contra-
diction in terms?

Let us look closer. It is only generally, and
not invariably, according to even current
language, that Devotion is the feeling of an
inferior to a superior. A husband is devoted to
his wife, a mother to her infant, a benevolent
physician to his patients in a hospital. Is the
word " devoted " here misused and misapplied?
or are the mother, the husband, the physician,
inferior to the objects of their Devotion?

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 79

Neither is evidently the case. But a servant is
also devoted to his master; a soldier in the
ranks to his officer ; a disciple to his teacher ;
a worshipper, a creature, to his Deity and
Creator. Here the inferiority is obviously on
the side of the devoted person, and the word
devoted is equally correctly used.

Is the word then used in two different senses
in the two connections? It would appear so.
The significance of the word is service and help
in both places. What then is the difference? It
is this. In the first case the service and help
are truly service and help directly to the object
itself of the Devotion ; and the Devotion here is
in reality only Tenderness. That the Tenderness
should receive the name of Devotion in this
reference is clue to the fact that attention has
been excessively fixed on the large element of
Self-sacrifice in the Tenderness, and on the
aspect of persistence which the Tenderness has
put on, and which persistence it has in common
with the mood which is more appropriately
indicated by the word under discussion.

In the second case the persistent service
that is implied is co-service with the object
of devotional attachment to another object
altogether. A Deity, a teacher, a superior
officer, as such, does not require any sacrifice
for himself from his devotee, or disciple, or sub-

80 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

ordinate. He requires it for others whom he
himself is serving and helping : a world, a race,
a government, and their respective constituents.
To these, both the object and the subject of
the Devotion are superior, though in vastly
different degrees.

So far as the Deity, or teacher, and other
superior accept a service to themselves from
the inferior, they do so either by giving per-
mission to the inferior to make repayment in
his small way of kindness done to him formerly,
and thereby to that extent lift him from
inferiority to equality, as before said : or they
graciously and voluntarily contract a new debt,
an obligation to that inferior, to be necessarily
repaid in the future, and thereby voluntarily
put themselves in the position of the debtor,
an inferior to that extent and in that reference ;
they would probably do so for the educing in
the devotee of higher qualities, possible only
in connection with a sense of power and
confidence. To sum up, Devotion in the
sense of Devotion to an ideal, a teacher, a Deity,
is Reverence, wherein a partnership in serving
others is sought, and however generally inferior
the devotee may be, the very fact of partnership
gives a limited equality. Defined in terms of
desire, Devotion is the desire for equalisation
with the Ideal who is the object of that

'!"

i, I'C;

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. gl

Devotion, not merely by direct receipt of gift
through prayer, as is the case in pure Worship,
but by means of obedience to the behests of
and guidance received from that Ideal.

To have to use the words inferior and
superior and equal in such connections looks
awkward, no doubt, because of the long-
established emotional associations of these
words. But it is hoped that in the present
psychological analysis of Emotions, only the
strictly and rigorously scientific significance of
the words will be looked at, and all other
ordinary associations discarded for the time
being. Without such temporary balancing of
the mind a useful discussion of the subject
will remain impossible.

Loyalty and Fidelity are grades of Devotion.
The element of desire, the desire of co-operation,
co-service, is less active, less urgent, here ; it
waits for an occasion instead of seeking one,
or even seeking to create one, as Devotion in
its excess of zeal sometimes does.

Awesomeness is that aspect of Majesty which
deals with the repression of evil, taken by
itself; as Benignity is the converse. Awe is
the Emotion in the beholder corresponding to
the virtue or quality of Awesomeness in the
object of that Emotion. The root of the Emotion
of Awe is on the side of Hate Repulsion. It is
F

1 ' , H

- n

82 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

akin to the Emotion of Fear. A person struck
with Awe is a person who realises for the time
being the possibility of the existence in himself
of deficiencies which would call forth the
repressive powers of the object of Awe. He
that has no dross in him feels not Awe in the
presence of the Highest, but only Worship,
Devotion, Love. He that is the Highest purifies
not dross by chastisement, but transmutes it by
His own overpowering Love into the purity of
Love and Devotion, in all that happen to stand
;'i| in His Presence : He has transcended Majesty

and rests in Benignity. Encouragement corre-
sponds to Benignity, as Awe to Awesomencss.

Magnanimity is the Emotion- virtue which
is next higher in order after Self -control.
Pain caused by another, wrong done by another,
no longer arouse struggle ; they are simply
{ passed over, absorbed, overlooked, Large-

heartedness, Forgivingness, Generosity are
practically other names for the same thing. But
they have not yet reached the height of perfect
Compassion, constant Benevolence.

Unforgivingness, Rancourousness, Vindictive-
ness, are the counterparts of these on the side
of Repulsion.

Strictness, Justice, Implacability, Rigorousness,
would be the mean between these two. Honour,
Uprightness, Prudence, Discretion, Cautious-

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

ness, Circumspection, are all related Emotion-
virtues. They all belong to the region of Self-
control. In the first the attention is more taken
up with "giving others their due"; in the last
with "not losing and giving away to others what
is not their due."

Jealousy is a peculiar and most powerful
Emotion. It seems to be Repulsion plus the
consciousness of a possible or even probable
special kind of superiority in the object thereof,
which superiority will enable that person to
exclusively gain and appropriate for himself
something which is loved, coveted, desired by
both. It implies Love of a certain object, and
Hate of another person who prevents the exclu-
sive acquisition of that object. In its intenser
forms, connected with sex-love, where the Love,
the desire for acquisition here, is greatest, the
Hate is also naturally at its worst ; the conse-
quence is that Jealousy is an Emotion which
may be said to disturb the mind of the human
being, sway it, tear it in two, more powerfully
than any other Emotion. It excites the whole
of his dual nature simultaneously in a manner
that no other Emotion does.

The Love implied in Jealousy is of course a
selfish Love. In Love, as such, there is no selfish-
ness or unselfishness, as said before. It seeks
union, which means the equality of both the

1

84 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

factors to be united. So long then as the desire
for union exists in both the factors of the
relation, Love proper Is neither selfish nor un-
selfish as between those two. When, however,
the desire for union is only on one side, not on
the other, then the desire for union becomes a
desire . for acquisition, a selfish desire. In
Jealousy, the Love, the desire for union, has
implicitly become a desire for acquisition, for
if, indeed, there were Love on both sides, there
would be no chance for intervention by a third
party, and Jealousy would not exist in the mind
of him that loves and is loved. Also, in whom
there is no Exclusiveness, no Reserve, whose
gaze of Love is turned not out towards material
separateness, but in towards spiritual unity, in
him there is no Jealousy.

This leads on to the connected emotion of
Lust The kind of Love that is mostly respon-
sible for the feeling of Jealousy is that which is
best denominated Lust To refined natures it
would probably at first sight look impermissible
and improper to call Lust a kind of Love at all
Yet there is something in common between
them. Later and evil associations, and natural
and inevitable consequences, have made the

jjy present connotation of Lust a truly evil one.

,<|l That it was not so always is apparent in the use

f jt of the expression " Lusty Youth," where only

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 8$

J

Tl

physical vigour and capacity for physical Love
are meant without any depreciatory significance.

As Love in the abstract is desire for union by
exchange and equalisation, so Lust is desire for
union by exchange and equalisation in the
physical self only.

As marriage-unions based on Lust only lead . , ,.

invariably to exhaustion and satiety of the
physical nature in a more or less short time,
and, the higher mental and spiritual selves not
having been cultivated, the higher forms of Love
lasting through vast eons of time remain impos-
sible, unhappiness is the logical consequence of
such marriage unions, and far more of unions
which are not sanctified by even the formalities
of marriage formalities which have at least a
shadow of religion and spirituality about them.

It then appears that the evil consequences of
Lust, its resultant satiety, exhaustion, weariness,
dreariness, and unhappiness, make it evil ; other-
wise it were not evil ; otherwise its consanguinity
to Love proper were undisputed. It is the same
with other moods of mind to which the word
Love is even less hesitatingly applied by
mankind. We read that Roman and other
epicures tc loved " the cooked tongues and brains . H

of nightingales and other delicate birds. The ^

present constitution of the majority of the
human race is such that it gladly sanctions , ,|

*

*A

86

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

H

; ; -t

"Hi

' 4

' ; /it

the use of the word Love in this connection,
and entirely fails to see the horror of the
wholesale murder involved. In the strict and
abstract sense of the word, however, even this
use is perfectly correct; it is only the (C conse-
quences" involved that throw this gloom over
the word in this reference. As BhLshma said :

sfjj ffift

I/'

" Flesh groweth not on grasses, nor on trees,

nor on stones : Flesh is obtained only by killing a
living creature ; hence only the sin of eating it"/

It may be noted here that the more Love is
confined to the physical self, the more it is
Lust ; the more it approximates to an
"appetite," a sense-craving, the less it has of
the character of Emotion proper.

The so-called mystery of physical Love may
not inappropriately be considered here. The
question of course belongs, as usual, to Meta-
physic, the Metaphysic of the Jfva in the
procreative aspect. But a brief statement may
throw light on the question more immediately
dealt with here.

Amongst the primary so-called lowest organ-
isms, procreation, self-multiplication, is asexual.
A cell absorbs nourishment and grows ; it
expands itself at the expense of something else,

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 87

another self (in the general sense). Its own
oneness grows. But the mass of matter that
makes up its " oneness," its " individuality,"
carries within itself the principle of manyness
inherently. It therefore necessarily, inevitably,
falls apart into two sooner or later. But in
falling apart, the new, the second mass retains
the nature of "livingness" it has acquired during
the period of oneness ; and so becomes the
centre of the new life of an individual similarly
constituted ; another Jfva of the same class at
once comes in and occupies the ready-made,
specially-prepared home. Trace the process up
from 'gfjtfBK udbhijjah> born by fission, separation,
or sprouting, through ^w: svtdajah^ sweat-born,
by exudation, and wpw Andaj&h) egg-born, into
f^tesf: pindajah, sexual humanity, step by step.
The kind, the essential nature, of the process is
exactly the same in essence, but the manner has
changed completely. The " expansion " of one
embodied Jfva, which was in the first instance
caused by direct actual and real nourishment
comparatively speaking, for from the standpoint
of the ultimate that is also truly illusory, an
atom being always a vortex of movement and
resistance in an imaginary some one thing is
now caused by an excitement of the multiple
senses and organs of that Jfva by an appro-
priation of another embodied Jfva, which

88 l SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

appropriation is only the simulation and the
substitute of the process of the absorption of
nourishment.

In the simulation and substitution is the
mystery. Each Jiva Upddhi attracts the other
in order to absorb it into itself and so enlarge its
own life ; and at the same time each repulses
the other to avoid being absorbed into it. This
is mutual. Attraction prevailing largely over
Repulsion the latter becoming reduced to a
mere consciousness of separate individual
existence in the highest forms of Love there is
mutual approach and a simulation of absorption
and nourishment, but not complete and real
absorption and nourishment And here
appetite and desire pass into the form of
Emotion.

The separation into sexes, at a certain stage,
the middle one, in Evolution, is Nature's master-
device for bringing easily within the reach
of each Jiva a compendium of all experiences
though it is, as compared with the originals of
the experiences, viz., the experiences resulting
from the contact of the senses with the aspects
of nature, Prakriti at large only a false copy,
however overpowering for the time being. And
the separation of sexes seems to be brought about
by the easy means though requiring ages and
eons to mature of a separation of functions, of

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 89

producing after taking, and of giving and then
guarding, the paternal and the maternal, both
brooded over by the Love which here is the
retention of "oneness" even after the " falling
apart," and is the foundation of the Family, the
Tribe, the Nation, and the Race. This division
into sex is itself a copy of that primal and
essential division into Self and Not-Self; and
as that division is the necessary condition of all
experience, so is sex-division nature's cheapest,
easiest, and most successful way of giving to
every one of her Jfvas experience of the noblest
and the vilest, the intensest and the dullest,
Sensations and Emotions. Truly are man and
woman the whole of the world unto each other
while this sex- separation lasts.

Where again this physical Love, this Lust, is
entirely one-sided, there result the Emotion and
action of Rape, which excites not only the
physical self, but also the Emotions of Pride and
Oppression. These, in the evil of the two
classes, good and evil, of Jfvas, become pleasure-
able by being accompanied with a sense of
power and superiority, as will appear later.

The commonness of Adultery, too, in a great
deal of modern life is clue to similar reasons.
Adultery excites not only the emotion of Lust,
but of Malice, sometimes of Revenge, or of Pride
and Conquest, and again of Fear which by a

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

.in

!i

particular perversion that will be treated later
on in more detail under the subject of the
Philosophy of Poetry and Literature becomes
in a certain aspect a pleasurable, from being an
originally painful, sentiment

The real and full significance of the statement
in the Bhagavad-Gitd, ^pnft Tft^n^r "Adultery
leadeth into hell," is to be found in this very
fact that it has its root in the evil Emotions,
and so shall have branches and fruits in them
too. If the springs of the stream are poisoned,
all its subsequent length will show the taint.
Let the Emotion, the whole mood of the
parents, be pure, peaceful, happy, and loving in
the moment they produce and " set apart " from
their own Upddhis a new UpAdhi, and then this
nucleus, partaking as it must of the pure nature
of its parent Upddhis, shall become fit abode for
a pure Jfva. Otherwise it will be evil and
attract an evil Jfva only into itself. Herein
is to be found the true use and significance
of a formal and public celebration and con-
secration of marriage, whereby all false and
evil Emotions of Shame and Fear of other
claimants are removed, and only pure and
peaceful and undisturbed affection is given the
best opportunity of growing between the
married pair, to the benefit of the progeny.
The converse of Jealousy viz., Attraction

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 91

plus the consciousness of a possible superiority
in another which will help one to secure the
object of one's wish has apparently no
distinctive name in the English language.
Confidence, Trust, Faith, are the nearest terms.
Perhaps the idea is better expressed by Hope-
fulness ; the Emotion in the parent corres-
ponding to the Hopefulness, the Promising-
ness, of his child ; the Emotion which is
indicated in the Samskrit saying :

" Let a man wish to excel all others, but let
him wish that his son should excel him."

Envy is Jealousy wherein the superiority
of the object thereof is more pronounced, the
Repulsion as great, and the active endeavour
to make the envied person inferior to oneself
is weaker, because less hopeful. Jealousy and
Envy cease as soon as the disputed object
is definitely secured by one of the rivals : the
Emotion that is left behind in the mind of the
loser is then neither Envy nor Jealousy, but
Hate the Hate of Malice.

Malice is Hate plus Fear. Its converse is
Tyranny, Cruelty, Oppression. Many that call
call others malicious and mean are worse them-
selves, for they are oppressors and misappro-
priators, have themselves by their own action

If /2

92 SCIENCE THE OF EMOTIONS.

created Malice and Meanness in their victims,
and are angry that they should be resisted by
those victims in the ways that appear malicious
and mean. Spitefulness is allied to, perhaps
the same as, Malice.

Meanness is Strictness where Benevolence or
Magnanimity is expected and proper. Niggard-
liness is an allied Emotion, Usage confines the
word to money matters.

Extravagance, Carelessness, Recklessness, False
Magnificence, are the converse moods. They
are Benevolence where strictness is desirable,

Insolence, Impertinence, Stiff-neckedness, Stiff-
backedness, Brag, Bullying, Presumptuousness,
&c., are also all converse moods, in another way.
They are the assumption in oneself of equality
or superiority where the fact is inferiority to the
object of the mood. The desire here is the
desire of Repulsion, though it is not very
prominent in the beginning. An "insult" is the
pointed expression of one's consciousness of the
inferiority of the object of the insult

Crookedness and Craftiness are the more
active forms of Spitefulness and Malice ; but the
element of dislike is more hidden.

Admiration too appears to be a complex
Emotion. Of course, in order to say that an
Emotion which is described by a special name is
simple or complex, we must be guided by

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

93

current usage in deciding what Emotion is really
denoted by that word. This reflection comes
up at once in connection with a word like
Admiration, which is used like so many
others, on account of the paucity of languages
resulting from the absence on the part of the
races using those languages of the feeling of any
need for more minute and elaborate expression
-to indicate many distinguishable though
related phases of the same mood. For our
present purpose we have to take the sense in
which the word is used most often. Taking
that sense, i.e., scrutinising the majority of the
particular instances in which the word is used,
it appears that it is employed mostly where
there is a consciousness of the superiority of
the object of it, but the feeling of Attraction
accompanying it is neutralised or diminished by
collateral circumstances.

We admire the skill of a juggler. We recog-
nise the superiority of skill and are pleased with
and like the results, but not very much. They
appear trivial to us, or perhaps even wasteful of
time and energy. So also we admire the skill
of a general in the successful conduct of a war.
But, if we are neutral to the parties warring,
while recognising the superiority of skill in
manipulating armies, we are perhaps full of
sadness and regret at the fearful results in

94 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

slaughter and rapine. If we are not neutral
but mterested, then there fa no Admi ration
the successful fighter becomes an c
apotheosis or satanisation ; his name
a name to worship or a name to fear
we adrmre the beauty of a pcrson .
the supenonty in that respect, but there

and

Tht
Ihus

int Rcv ^ence or Love
nC f A <*tion only'
n is Attraction plus

C0nscious ^ of its i

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 95

ness of the object, it being something out of
the ordinary course of experience. It is this
extraordinariness, indeed, which is the imme-
diate cause of the uncertainty as to ability to
approach. The physical manifestation is a
general expansion of the features open eyes,
open mouth, "wide-eyed wonder "consequent
on the feeling of pleasure, accompanied by the
arrest of motion" standing stockstill," " struck ;

dumb" which corresponds naturally to the un-
certainty above-mentioned.

The Emotion stands close to Admiration on the
one hand, and Awe and Diffidence on the other:
yet there is a subtle distinction between them.

The mystical, the mysterious, the curious
the Emotions of these are allied to the Emotion
of the wonderful. There clo not seem to be
exact names expressing those Emotions, as
Wonder describes the Emotion produced by the
wonderful. The special, constitutional characters
of the objects of the Emotions, and their greater
or less extraordinariness and importance, make
the difference between them.

Curiosity is " the desire for the curious."
It is thus a desire for a desire. In strict
analysis as will appear later on a desire for
a desire is an impossibility, and the expression,
which has gained currency because it provides
a convenient way of expressing some rather

9 6

SCIENCE OP' THE EMOTIONS.

i'

41

common moods of mind, really means (i)
directly, a desire for certain pleasurable objects,
and (2) indirectly, a desire for a certain con-
dition of oneself, in which condition the fulfil-
ment of the former desire is possible.

Curiosity is an Emotion that afflicts many
human beings disproportionately and inappro-
priately, and very often to the inconvenience of
others. What is the meaning of this mood more
precisely ? When a sick man, who has lost all
appetite, desires appetite, i.e. desires desire for
food, what does he really want ? He wants all
the pleasurable foods and objects that he enjoyed
in his preceding healthy condition, but is pre-
vented from enjoying by his ill-health. Instead
of stating the fact at such length, he shortly
says he wants his appetite back again. As
appetite is to the sick man, as nourishment
generally is to the new-born infant, so is " the
curious" to the infant individuality and weak
soul. Children are full of Curiosity ; so are
savages. The growing Jfva, not yet full with
its own long-gathered experiences, experiences
a standing want of more and more, newer
and newer experiences, and supplements its own
by prying into and vicariously acquiring the
experiences of others.

Surprise, Astonishment, Sec., are modifica-
tions of the Emotion of Wonder, The words

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 97

are sometimes used to express corresponding
moods on the side of Repulsion also by analogy
and for convenience.

The Emotion of "the Sublime" is also akin
to Wonder. Where the unexpectedness and
extraordinariness are at their lowest and the
superiority at its highest, the Emotion of " the
sublime " is present. Awe is closely related
also. The difference is, as is apparent from the
foregone analysis of that Emotion, that whereas
in that there is a faint degree of Fear here there
is only Attraction.

"The wonderful," "the sublime," and "the
awful " cluster more frequently, or at least as
often, round " inanimate " natural scenes
mountains, summits of snow, gorges, canyons,
lakes, forests, tropical or hill-vegetations, water-
falls, rivers, oceans than, or as, round human
beings wielders of mystic powers, teachers,
doers of great deeds, benefactors of mankind,
great writers or great speakers. These scenes
and objects of nature are said to arouse these
Emotions only by a metaphor, only as invested
with human attributes in imagination, which, of
course, may be so strong as to stimulate reality.
Grandeur and Magnificence are allied to,
sometimes synonymous with, Sublimity.

Disgust is Fear in some respects plus Scorn
in others.

G

*.i4

g8 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

^

Loathing, Abhorrence, are allied Emotions
and express phases of Hate. As to what is the
exact phase expressed by each this is a matter
apparently not very easy to determine, as the
use of the words does not seem to be very pre-
cise or specific. They express Repulsion from
an inferior, the cause of the Repulsion being its
ugliness //#,? uncleanliness, and imply a desire
for physical distance due to a fear of pollution.
This latter element is predominant in Loath-
i n g which may even cause the physical mani-
festation of vomiting, the effort of the body to
throw out that which infects or injures it In
Abhorrence the mental element predominates ;
it is more aggressive than loathing, and may
be said to push away the abhorred object,
whereas loathing shrinks away from it.

These have an underlying basis of Emotion,
because they are not passive but active qualities,
and manifest themselves in action, even though
it be not always very prominent.

Greed is obviously excess of desire with
reference to any particular object. It is then
not a complex Emotion.

Tantalisation is a mixture of " the desire
to give, to impart," and "the desire to hold
back." The reason may be mere Love or Vanity,
and Fear of consequences or even Dislike respec-
tively,

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

The consideration of the Emotion of the
Beautiful has been left over to so late a stage,
because a peculiar mysteriousness is attached to
it by humanity at large, though in reality there
appears to be no mystery about it, and though
it even appears to be a simple rather than a
complex Emotion.

The Emotion of the Beautiful seems to be
Love pure and simple : and this is why
mysteriousness attaches to it, for it does to Love
also. Whatever gives us pleasure, whatever is
fit to be united with and added to us, whatever
enhances ourself, our life, is, so far, Beautiful
to us. The instinct of common usage and
language indicates and embodies this truth.
The Beautiful is the pleasant, the agreeable,
the attractive, the charming, the fascinating,
the lovely, the lovable. In Sanskrit *J^C*(
sundaram (gf^Cf^ su driyate that which is
respected, loved ; or *| Trfftr su unatti that
which attracts) ; ^fqnt^ ruchiram (^Hir rochate
that which shines, or pleases) ; ^T^ chdru
(^Tfw *r5Tf% charati ma/msithzt which dwells
and moves in the mind) ; ijppt sushamam
(*| su and *nf samam even, un obstructing) ;
(*rT}ftfiT sddk-noti fulfils desires);
sAobhanam (shining) ; 15^ kdntam (is
loved, desired) ; if^^if mano ramam or inftlt
m&no haram (pleases or steals and attracts the

100 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

mind) ; ^a| ruchyam or T&$ ramyam (is
pleasing); vrftt manognyam (knows or fills
the mincl) ; *faj manju (is reputed, well-known,
or has a sweet and pleasant sound) ;
manjulam (the same as the last).

There is no other standard mark of Beauty;
for it varies, so far as its outer embodiment
goes, with varying tastes in different men, and
different races and different times ; but it never
varies so far as its inner characteristic of plea-
santness is concerned. That is most beautiful
to any one individual which is best calculated to
supplement, to duplicate, to doubly enhance his
Self, his life. The instinctive, and not the definite,
perception of the possibilities of such enhance-
ment makes the mystery of the Emotion. It
may be that in later and more advanced races,
with clearer vision and wider knowledge of all
the phases of human life in each individual, the
mystery will disappear and only the Emotion
remain.

Primarily this test of Beauty, in its
enhancement of another's life, applies to the
physical embodiment; secondarily, at a later
stage of evolution, when the inner natures
have grown, to the emotional and intellectual
constitutions.

Vanity, according to the ordinary use of
the word, is something reprehensible. Yet on

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. lOl

examination it appears to be an Emotion on the
side of Attraction, and so on the side of virtue.
Like Curiosity it seems to be a double desire,
the desire of the desire for union, the desire of
Love, the desire to love and be loved. The
physical consequence is self-adornment : other-
wise too the laying out of oneself to please, in
endless ways. That it has come to acquire an
evil association is due to two causes. Even in
the above good sense, Vanity would be an object
of contempt to Jivas in whose constitution
Unlovingness, Hardness, Reserve, and " separate-
ness " generally, were strong. Again, the word
is used in a different sense altogether, as the
nominal derivative of the adjective vain : then
it means Self-complacence, Self-satisfaction, and
becomes only a modification of Pride, which is a
very different Emotion altogether.

Perhaps the reason why the two so different
senses have come to be combined in one and
the same word is that attention has been
exaggeratedly confined to this aspect of the
true Emotion, viz., the consciousness of the
ability to please (and so far, of a certain power,
a superiority), which is always present in Vanity
together with the desire to please, though the
consciousness may be of an ability varying
from the lowest to the highest grades. This
consciousness of ability is present in Self-corn-

- ft 1

IO2

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

placence also ; but there it is not an ability to
please at all ; and this makes all the difference.
Vanity plus consciousness of something which
takes away from the feeling of ability is
Shame.

Self - complacence and Self - satisfaction are
Self-importance and Superciliousness, in which
the consciousness of the inferiority of another
has become vague and general, and attention
is mostly confined to the consciousness of one's
own superiority generally.

Laughter, as has been generally recognised
by psychologists all the world over, is the
physical manifestation of a sudden and exces-
sive recognition of one's own superiority.
Where this consciousness is accompanied by
Repulsion, the laugh becomes the laugh of
"ridicule": where the "ridicule" is light-
hearted, not serious, only chaff and banter,
where it is moreover openly and unmistakably
pretended and make-believe, the laugh of "jest"
and "joke," of "fun" and "good humour" and
" good company " results.

But we very seldom find the laugh combined
with genuine, deep-seated, real, earnest Benevo-
lence. The smile is the nearest approach to
laughter there.

Smiles and tears require careful examination.
Jfvas smile for joy and smile sadly ; they weep

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

103

in gladness and they weep in pain. What is
the meaning of this ?

The "smile of joy" has already been
incidentally and very briefly explained in
connection with Kindness. The essential,
psychological meaning of " the expansion of the
features in a smile" is a consciousness of " more-
ness," of " superiority." The receiver of a gift
smiles after the receipt The giver smiles before
the gift In the first case the recipient becomes
"more" than he was before. The giver feels '
that he is more than the object of his charity
and kindness. This last smile, the tender smile
of Benevolence is very nearly allied to and
always ready to pass into the tears of pity. The
" smile of sadness " also expresses the sense of
superiority of him who smiles to the cause of
his sadness, but without Repulsion, rather with
patience, with resignation, with hope of future
Love. The " cynical smile," " the smile of
bitterness," is of course a near relative of the
" laugh of scorn."

" The tears of joy," like the " tears of pity,"
may mean either only an overflow of the super-
fluous possessions of the Self but without a
definite object as in the other case, and only as
a general expression of goodwill to all and
readiness to give to any that need ; or they may
really be, as they often are, tears of pity for

IO4

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

I i '

Hi

one's own past Self, weak and worthy of pity
before the cause of joy made it large and
strong.

u The tears of pain " are in reality only " tears
of pity" where the object of pity is oneself.
The Self here divides itself into two, the one
pitying, the other suffering and pitied. Tears
of pain are thus tears of Self-pity, Tears
generally do not come until the pain becomes
mixed with a cognitional, considering, thinking,
Self-conscious element This may be observed
in children as well as in grown-up persons, A
child generally accompanies his crying with
exclamations of " I am hurt," or " 1 have fallen
down," or " So and so has struck me." In adults
too there are seldom tears during the actual
intensity of a pain. Tennyson's beautiful lyric
illustrates the fact.

Home they brought her warrior dead ;
She nor wept nor uttered cry ....
Rose a nurse of ninety years,
Placed his child upon her knee,
Like summer showers came her tears :
" Sweet, my child, I'll live for thec."

This also give us a clue to the reason why
tears and Self-pity, while allowed in the weak
and the young, are considered reprehensible and
unmanly in the grown-up and the strong. The
ability to weep, as such, implies a lowering, an

,

1

COMPLEX EMOTIONS. 1.05

abatement, a diminution, a cessation of real
acute pain ; and to make a parade of pain then
appears improper, in the first place ; and, in the
second place, such Self-pity implies a demand
for help by display of one's needs, and this in
certain temperaments arouses Scorn, and calls
forth the epithets of "whining" and "moan-
ing," &c.

Self-scorn, Remorse, are similar to Self-pity in
respect of the dual character. So, too, Self-
praise.

The subject leads on directly to Pathos
and " the Pathetic." The " luxury of grief" has
puzzled psychologists all the world over. The
Samskrit authors on Sihitya, too, give no
adequate explanation. "^Sometimes they even
content themselves with saying that the enjoy-
ment of the Emotion requires a special and
cultivated sense which is scarcely true, as the f|J

Emotion is appreciated by young and old,
cultured and uncultured alike. Herbert Spencer
says he finds himself baffled : yet he makes a
good attempt and brings out some of the real
factors of the explanation. It is enough here to
say that the essential constituent of the Emotion
of the pathetic is Pity, in some phase or other.
As to how it becomes a source of enjoyment,
&c., will be treated of in detail latej in connection
with the Philosophy of Poetry

Lateri

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HI

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111

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fo6

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Persistent pleasure and pain, transformed into
joy and sorrow, persistent gladness and sadness
take on the characters of Emotions. They seem
to be double desires, like Curiosity and Vanity.
Persistent sadness seems to be a dissatisfaction,
a constant desire that certain things were other-
wise than as they are, so that then pleasure
and Love would result naturally in place of the
present pain and effort and more or less
Repulsion. Gladness is the reverse, a satis-
faction, a desire to prolong present conditions.

The active aspects of sadness and gladness
are Worry and Cheerfulness, As Worry is
an Emotion which is the source of a great
deal of trouble to humanity, it might be
useful to understand it a little more fully. The
following factors of Worry are immediately
recognisable (a) A going wrong of something,
an obstruction to desire, a source of pain ; (ff)
endeavour to set matters right and want of
success therein ; a failure; (V) a non-recognition
of the impossibility of setting things right and
so avoiding the pain ; on the contrary, a per-
sistent consciousness that it is possible ; (d)
consequent repeated endeavour and repeated
failure; and lastly (*), continued anger and
annoyance with the cause of the failure, and the
mental repetition, over and over again per-
sistently, of the cause of the trouble and the

COMPLEX EMOTIONS.

failure to get rid of it. It is this last which
gives its peculiar characteristic to Worry ; the
irritation is worst, naturally, when the cause of
the failure to set things right is the unamen-
ability of some human being on whose
co-operation the setting right of things depends.
If this element of Anger is taken away, then
the element in the peculiar painfulness of Worry
disappears. All that remains is rightful and
justifiable repetition of endeavour to set things
right.

It is time to bring this chapter to a close.
The list of Emotions might be prolonged
indefinitely. The bulk of every language of an
intellectually advanced race, excluding technical
names, will be found to consist of words dealing
with and expressing some phase or other of an
Emotion. It is impossible to deal with all of
them in one place. Illustration of the general
principles expounded earlier was the purpose of
this chapter. It is hoped that this has been
achieved by the examples given. | The student
should find sufficient reason herein to believe
that all Emotions are capable of being reduced
into terms of Love and Hate permuted and
combined with grades and kinds of superiority,
equality, and inferiority. {And he should try to
find justification or refutation of his belief in
practical exercise with new phases of Emotion.

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CHAPTER VIII.

THE CORRESPONDENCE OF EMOTIONS.

Before passing on to the Philosophy of
Poetry and the other Arts wherein Emotions
are dealt with in an aspect different from that
treated of hitherto, a word may be said as to
the correspondence of these mental phenomena
with each other and how the presence of one
calls another into existence.

The general law governing their reciprocation
and mutual manifestation may be summed up
shortly : Emotions tend to create their own
likeness^ even as fire does. But in the actual
workings of life the results of the law undergo
modifications by the special circumstances of
the cases. These modifications may be
generalised under two rules. (a) Amongst
ordinary Jfvas, inclined strongly neither to the
side of Love nor to the side of Hate, Emotions
produce their own likeness or counterpart (<J)
Amongst Jfvas belonging definitely to the one
108

CORRESPONDENCE OF EMOTIONS. 109

class rather than the other, the Emotions of ! f

others, whether those Emotions belong to the

side of Love or of Hate, create the corresponding i

Emotions of that class only to which the Jivas

belong.

Thus, amongst ordinary people, Love will
produce Love, and Anger Anger, assuming
equality. Pride and Scorn and oppression will
inspire Fear and Malice and Vinclictiveness in
the really inferior; equal or greater Pride and
Scorn and oppression in the really superior and
stronger ; or merely Anger and Annoyance in
the really equal. Again Fear and Distrust will
inspire Pride and Scorn in the superior ; and
equal Fear and Distrust in the really inferior ;
or mere Anger and Annoyance in the really
equal. So Benevolence will inspire Humility or
Love or Benevolence. And again, Humility
will evoke Benevolence or Love or Humility.

But in j a Jfva belonging, say, to the class of
Jivas in whom the "united Self" is strong, ^

belonging, that is, to the side of virtue and if

Love whether this be the case by deliberate \l(

cultivation, such as will be treated of in the final Ji

?f
chapter, or otherwise, by birth, karma, &c. '*j

the sight of Fear will not arouse Scorn but if

Benevolence, equally with the sight of Humility ; , i|

that of Anger, Sullenness, and Moroseness will |1
not inspire real Annoyance and Reserve and

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110

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

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withdrawal, but, on the contrary, effort to break
down the other's crust-wall of evil mood, and
Love and Affection equally with the sight of Love
and Affection ; that of Pride will not evoke Fear,
but true Humility, and the feeling that the other
is really better than himself, even as will the
sight of Benevolence. And, conversely, in a
Jfva belonging definitely- by voluntary, pre-
meditated development in that direction, or
otherwise to the dark side, the sight of Hate
and vice, the sight of Humility., or Fear, will
equally provoke Disdain and Scorn and Con-
tempt ; that of Love or Anger, Sullenness ;
and that of Benevolence or Pride, Fear and
Distrust .

The correspondence may be worked out
and observed through all grades and kinds
of Emotion. The details are numberless as
humanity.

As to why one Emotion should arouse another
Emotion at all, as to why reaction should follow
action this belongs to the province of Meta-
physic, and final solutions must be looked for
there. But it may perhaps help to make the
matter less mysterious - looking if the laws
gathered above are put in other words.

Why does a display of Fear arouse Scorn ?
To show Fear of another person is to imply, to
indicate, to say, that that person is not worthy

CORRESPONDENCE OF EMOTIONS. Ill

of Trust, that there is a relation of Dislike and
Hate between him and the timid person. This
again is to imply, and to give cause to the other
person to believe, that he should expect resist-
ance, and harm, and " attempt at making him
less " at the hands of the person who so displays
Fear, for the Dislike present in Fear involves
consciousness of pain and loss experienced in
the past, and imagination of more to be experi-
enced in the future, and consequent possibility of
an endeavour to retaliate. The natural conse-
quence is, that he, taking up the relation at this
last stage, assumes the corresponding vicious
attitude, and calls up Anger and Annoyance to
his help, these being the ordinary Ji'va's resources
for supplying its deficiencies and losses. The
other, the fearing, takes the situation up anew
at this stage. And so, by action and reaction,
the evil goes on perpetuating itself and
becoming ever stronger, instead of abating.

So Malice is created by oppression and
Insolence, and by reaction creates greater
Contempt and oppression till the whole situation
ends in disaster witness the mutual relations
of Bhfma and Duryodhana in the Mahdbhdrata;
witness in our own day the mutual relations of
so many conquering and conquered races.
Such oppressed persons nurse their grievances,
and the Emotion, gathering strength with

us

112

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

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imprisonment and restraint, often explodes
suddenly and, to those who do not follow
up its gradual growth, in a manner entirely
unaccountable and unintelligibly disproportion-
ate to the occasion. These explosions may
range from harmless and ludicrous outbursts
up to crimes ; from cases where a man really
weak, but wishing to appear strong, puts in too
much loudness and bravado in his first speech
to the disliked person and then fails and
collapses altogether, to cases where the disliked
person is assassinated for imagined wrongs.
Wherever there appears capaciousness, or dis-
proportion, or suddenness of action, there
imagination has been at work strengthening
the Emotion which bursts forth.

The explanation in the other cases relating to
ordinary Jfvas is exactly similar.

In the case of extraordinary Jfvas this new
fact comes into play, viz,, that they each look
only at the actual superiority, or inferiority, or
equality underlying the Emotion of another, and
mostly ignore that particular aspect of desire
which, together with the superiority, &c, makes
it the Emotion that it is ; and so looking, they
impose on it the Emotion corresponding to their
own nature and dictated by their reason as the
one proper to assume and act upon for practical
purposes.

CORRESPONDENCE OF ElMOTlONS.

It may be useful to put the above in the
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CHAPTER IX.

EMOTION IN ART.
(a) POETRY AND LITERATURE.

The Essential Nature of Poetry and Litera-
ture. So far we have dealt with Emotions as
desires ; and desire is their true and essential
nature. In order to understand the Philosophy
of Poetry and Literature we have to refer back
to that view of Emotion wherein it is regarded
as a pleasurable or painful state sui generis.
The paragraph on the pleasurable and painful
nature of the Emotions on pp. 27-29, should here
be read over again. "The Desire-Emotion |

specialised by the immediately surrounding
circumstances of the particular situation is one
thing, and the pleasure or pain specialised by
its correspondence with such Desire-Emotion is
another thing." The latter, the specialised
pleasure, is, "it would appear, the true significance
of the word t*T rasa, in Samskrit, in the

!
A.

116

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Science of Poetry. And it is in this sense that
what Bain (in his work On Teaching English,
p. 214) tentatively says is true : " To Emotion
we must come at last in any precise definition
of poetry."

The last word on the subject was said when
it was declared that T*m\ T3CTW* "^M, " Speech
ensouled by rasa is Poetry," by Shauddhodani,
Virnana, Vishvandtha, and a host of others, all
following the lead of Bharata, the sage who
first expounded the Science and Art of Poetry
and Drama in India. This word remains final,
notwithstanding attempts made here and there,
notably by Mammata in his Kduya Prakdska,
to invent other definitions. These attempts
are failures by the general verdict, and even the
authors of them find themselves compelled to
resort to the ordinary view again and again.

The most important word of this definition is
clearly the word Rasa. Many have been its
interpretations and many its translations. Its
ordinary non-technical meaning gives the clue
to its true special meaning in the Science of
Poetry as declared by Bharata himself. That
meaning is "juice, sap," and also "taste, relish."
When an Emotion-desire appears in the mind,
and is not allowed to rush out in its usual course
into action, but is checked, held in, and circum-
scribed by the cognitive consciousness, and the

EMOTION IN ART.

117

pleasurable picture of the fulfilment of the desire
is deliberately dwelt upon and leisurely enjoyed
in the mind, even as a delicious morsel of food
may be detained and slowly and fully tasted in
the mouth fothen comes into existence this
peculiar modification of consciousness which is
called Rasa. Rasa is the pleasurable conscious-
ness, the feeling of specialised pleasure, accom-
panying the presence in the imagination of the
picture of the fulfilment of a desire. Compare
the use of the word in the Yoga system of
Philosophy in the expression THF^ri^ Rasdsvdda,
used to indicate one of the activities of the
mind, viz., tasting the sweets of imagination,
" building castles in the air," which is an obstacle
in the way of gaining ^Rlff samddhi fixity in
the higher consciousness. \f

In Rasa there is an intimate interblending of
the cognitive and feeling elements of conscious-
ness, with the result that either gains in surface
and expanse, but loses in compactness and
depth. It is as if two heaps of two different
kinds of grain were shaken into each other.
The whole new heap would acquire a new colour
different from that of either, and would be also
larger in size than either. But the colour would
probably be vaguer, dimmer, less distinct and
defined, than that of either. The resultant, in
other words, gains something and loses some-

Il8 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

thing. The same result is noticeable in the case
taken above from the gustatory consciousness.

Take another simile a stream of water rush-
ing onwards. If such a stream were led into a
circular basin whence there was no outlet, the
stream would turn upon itself and revolve round
and round and become a whirlpool, growing ever
stronger in its circular rush, and ever deeper,
if the inflow continued ; or stiller and more
equable and steady of depth if it were cut off.
In either case a certain depth would be gained
greater than that of the flowing stream, and a
certain spread of surface would be lost.
| The characteristic of Poetry is such Rasa.
Its business is to call up an Emotion and then
hold it in, so that its correspondent feeling of
pleasure is " tasted " at leisure, f

The limiting, the circumscription, is provided
by the patent fact that the story, the description,
the occasion, is only an imaginary and not a
real and personal one for the reader. He is
reading the experiences in a book and not
passing through them in actual life. Later on,
when the man is able to put himself in the
position of the student and reader of life, and
can regard his own actual life as a book merely,
he can treat this in exactly the same way as the
reader of the book of ink and paper treats the
story written therein ; and then the Emotions

EMOTION IN ART.

119

aroused by and in such actual life have no
greater power over him than those aroused by a
book of poetry. But it must be remembered
that the study and reading of life is not its own
end. It is a means to the improvement of life
as end. And, unless this aim is held constantly
before the mind, great error will result We
meet with people here and there, and indeed
more and more frequently in modern times, who
have attained to that degree of Self-conscious-
ness that all their life has become deliberate
u acting " : but inasmuch as the Self, to the
consciousness of which they have attained, is
not the "united Self," the supreme Self,
the Pratyagatma, their acting is aimless,
purposeless, and in the end becomes very
dreary and desolate, and remains such till they
learn better.

Where the Emotion aroused by the plain
narrative is not sufficiently strong in itself, or
the pleasure corresponding to it is of such kind
that the author or reader wants it lengthened
and continued, the device of "ornaments of
speech " is resorted to. ! The sole business of an
ornament, of all ornaments, is to put a circle,
a limit, round a special feature, to put a marker
on it ; to thus direct attention to it and intensify
the consciousness thereof ; and thereby to define
and intensify the special beauty of that feature

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for enhancement of beauty is literally nothing
else than enhancement of the consciousness of
that beauty \

Such " ornaments of speech," " figures of
speech," in literature supply the place of the
constant " inflow " referred to above in the
illustration taken from flowing water, and they
give the further supply that is necessary to
make the " whirlpool " deeper and stronger and
more lasting. The absence of the supply causes
the Rasa to lose its force and subside into
placidity shortly.

From the above considerations it appears that
the main and direct object of Poetry is, as
Mammata says correctly in this instance,
xjtffftftr, Para-nirvriti great and peculiar
pleasure. The other objects he enumerates,
viz., instruction in the ways of the world, know-
ledge of old customs, counsel as to proper action
in special situations, &c. these are secondary
and more in accordance with the views of the
school of Purva-Mimdnsa as to the purpose of
language generally than with the views of poets.!

(b) THE NATURE OF PLEASURE AND PAIN WITH
REFERENCE TO VARIOUS CLASSES OF JIVAS.

The object and nature of Poetry have been
thus generally outlined, The nature of Rasa,

EMOTION IN ART. 121

however, cannot be fully understood unless we
enter into detail as to the nature of pleasure and
pain from the standpoint of Metaphysic. We
have tried to avoid doing so thus far, in order, if
not altogether to preclude controversy for it is
not possible to obtain universal consent and
unanimity on even a single proposition, however
plain, unmistakable, and simple it may appear
still to avoid dubitable and debatable points
as much as possible. But longer to shirk this
is to leave the subject in hand disjointed and
unsupported.

The Self has been stated to be the first and
most indispensable factor of life. It has also
been stated that, in the conscious condition, the
| Self is always in a state either of Pleasure or
of Pain. By careful examination it appears that
Pleasure is the feeling of an expansion, an
increase of the Self. The very essence of
Pleasure is an enhancement of the Self, its
growth, its intensification, its superiority over ,fi

others or over its own past states, its moreness in jjj

short moreness than before and as compared ^

with others. These two comparisons, on analy-
sis, come to mean the same thing, for the size,
the measure of a Self at any particular moment
must be a matter of comparison with others ; so
that, when we say f superiority over or moreness
as compared with its own previous condition,'!

122

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

we still implicitly compare it with others at least
in the time of the previous condition in order to
fix the size of that previous condition.
| So Pain is the feeling of contraction, narrow-
ing, inferiority, lessncss of the Self than before
and than others. J

This seems to be as near an approach to a
universally correct definition of Pleasure and
Pain as is available.

But if Pleasure and Pain are capable of such
uniform characterisation,! how is it that in the
concrete, in actual life, what gives pleasure to
one Jfva gives positive pain to another, and
vice versa ? \ Do these facts contradict the
definition or are they reconcileable with it ? They
are of course reconcileable with it ; indeed it is
out of all these facts that the definition has been
generalised. The explanation is this.

It has been said before that afjjfva is a com-
pound of the Pratyagdtmd, the abstract Self,{?
the One, and a portion of the concrete Not-Self,
the Mulaprakriti, the Many.l Not till such a
combination takes place is the multitudinous
process of Sarhsira possible. | Self as such, the
abstract Self, is incapable of being added to or
subtracted from ; It has no quantity I It is
only a unity. fThe Not-Self as such, the concrete
many, is also incapable of being added to or
subtracted from, for want of motive ; it has no

EMOTION IN ART. 123

quality,) In order that there should be any
movement, quantity and absence of quantity
must enter into relation and so produce quality ;
| the Many and the One have to be transfused : 1

into each other ;} there must be a mutual super- j f

imposition 1 in*rn& Adhydsa of the two, each : ^

upon the other, ' 4

Where, however, the Self has become identified l || s

with an Updclhi, a portion of the Not-Self-f-when
a J/va proper, a conglomerate of the Self and
Not-Self, the whole behaving and regarding
itself as an individual and thus a particular Self,
a personality, has been formed, then contraction
and expansion, pain and pleasure, become
possible. | And according as the nature of the
particular, limited, individual personal Self is,
so will be its cause of pleasure and pain. What-
ever helps to expand that particular nature will
be pleasurable, the opposite painful. Herein lies
the explanation of so-called morbid pleasures and
pains. When the Self happens to have become ^ ,

identified with a diseased condition of the Not- /,!

Self, then appears the mysterious phenomenon of
pleasure positive pleasure for the time being,
however false and illusory otherwise being Vfl

caused by what actually promotes and perpetu- ;< *>

ates the disease and the feeling of the disease. |,f

In view of the above remarks, for the purposes syf

of the subject in handl Jfvas may be divided into J(

I it*

124 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

two broad classes. According to the general
Law of Evolution and World-process, during the
first half of a cycle the tendency is for the Self
to identify itself more and more completely with
the Not-Self, to fall more and more deeply into
matter, as it is sometimes described, to become
, lfl more and more separate by means of immersion

in more and more concrete and mutually-resist-
ant forms. The reverse is the case during the
, second half, when the Self dissociates itself more

1 *,. U|| t '

and more from the Not-Self and tends more and
more to revert to its abstract unity. V During
the former period, accordingly, the period of the
HWfWTPt Pravritti-Marga, the path of action
and engagement in the world, the causes of
pleasure and pain are respectively those that
expand or contract the material, the concrete,
the separated Self, the lower Self, or rather the
Not-Self that has assumed the mask of the Self.
| During the latter period, the causes are those
that enhance or narrow the spiritual, the abstract,
the united Self, the higher Self, the Self that

||p ? has assumed the mask of the Not-self. I

! . It should be remembered here that this is all

||' s t '' a matter of grades and degrees, of relativity, of

more and more, and less and less only ; there is no
complete, absolute loss of the instinctive feeling
of unity (which is the result of the presence of
the Self) on the first half of the cycle ; as there

IF
II, 1 '

EMOTION IN ART. 125

is no complete, absolute loss of the instinctive
feeling of separateness (due to the presence of
the Not-Self) on the second half to its very end
in Pralaya and Peace. The complete absence
from manifestation of the one means the similar
complete 'absence of the other, and the conse-
quent collapse of the World-process into
Pralaya for the time being ; and thus it is
that during manifestation Love and Hate are
to be always found touching each other, from
the very beginning unto the very end, though of
course their power and prevalence vary in the
two stages even as the height of the two ends
of a see-saw might vary,

The result of all this is that during the first
half of every cycle, large or small, representing
the life of one human being or of a nation, a
race or humanity, a world or a kosmos, the
separative Emotions on the side of Hate and
vice prevail The greed for gain, for self-
assertion, for individualism, for adding to one*s
own Upddhi at the expense of others is strong
then, and Jrvas predominantly belong to the
class which is best described by the word
"selfish." Later on, during the other half,
when the power of the Not-Self decreases, the
Self is recognised as separate and distinct from
the Not-Self and as One in all Selves, all Jfvas,
then the Emotions that make for union, those

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id

126 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

on the side of Love and virtue, gather strength
and Jfvas belong to the class "unselfish." The
pleasure-seekingyouth becomes theself-sacrificing
parent ; a conquering nation or race becomes
the civiliser and uplifter of subject-races rather
than their exterminator ; an orb or kosmic
system gives away its own life and constituent
material to a younger orb or system instead of
swallowing up its compeers and brothers as
Mcirtanda, the Sun, did in his younger days.

[This law, it should be noted, is true only as a
nil), general law, in the case of the typical cyclical

life. In practice there is such an infinite com-
mingling of larger and smaller cycles, each
being at a different stage, and the cases of
special protection and guidance of and conse-
quent absence of evil amongst early races, and
of violent distortion from the ordinary path, of
disease and premature death, amongst indi-
viduals as well as nations during certain other
periods of the life of humanity, are so common in
consequence of other minor laws, that it may
well appear to the casual observer that there
is no such general Law governing the World-
process. The Safnskrit saying is useful to bear
in mind in this connection :

tit

EMOTION IN ART. 127

" He that is the dullest of the dull, or he that
has attained to That which is beyond the
Buddhi : these two only are the happy in the
world ; the midway Jfvas are the unhappy."]

Selfish Jfvas, as just said, find pleasure in
whatever increases their material Self, their
physical possessions and belongings ; hence with
them " taking " is the watchword of action.
With unselfish Jfvas, on the other hand, "giving"
is the guiding principle. Because, in the one
case, the Jfva feels that the more he solidifies
his material Upaclhi the more he strengthens,
perpetuates, and expands his Self; while in the
other he feels that the more he gives away of
his Updclhi, the more he attenuates and thins
it, the more the possibility of his Self uniting
with other Selves, the more its expansion and
increase.

In consequence of subtle modifications, how-
ever, which take place inevitably, a " taking "
comes sometimes to be a taking in Love ; it is
accompanied with the desire to repay by grateful
service, and hence has still the element of
" giving " in it, and therefore belongs to the side
of unselfishness and unity (vide analysis of
" Devotion " supra}. On the other hgjid, very
often is " giving " a giving in unwillingness ; it
is then a " loss " and is accompanied by the wish
to take back at the earliest opportunity* Such

f I .1 , ?

!" i

128

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

RJ

*

ii

I

giving belongs to the side of selfishness and
separation.

Bearing in mind the possibility of endless
such modifications all of which will be found
capable of reduction by the general principles
stated above we may see that to one class of
Jfvas the circumstances arousing the one class
of Emotions will be exclusively pleasurable and
the opposite painful, whereas amongst the other
exactly the reverse will be the case ; that it
is so happens by the invincible necessity of
conditions. In every scene of actual life
wherever there is occasion for the exercise of an
Emotion of the one class there is present also,
either as cause or as effect of the first-mentioned
occasion, an occasion for an Emotion of the
opposite class. This will be treated of later in
dealing with illustrations of the character of
literature.

""" It should be noted, meanwhile, that the desire
of the Jfva is always towards " morcness " and
away from " lessness." It loves that which
makes it more ; it hates that which makes it
less. But the it which is to be made more or
less is very different in different cases. Desire
itself as such may well be said to be neither
pleasurable nor painful. That which is desired
to be gained, and the condition of the Self when
it has been gained are called pleasurable. That

EMOTION IN ART. 129

which is desired to be avoided and the condition
of the Self when it is not avoided are called
painful.

(c) THE ESSENTIAL OBJECT AND CHARACTER
OF LITERATURE.

Every desire is always accompanied by two
pictures in the imagination, of its fulfilment and
of its defeat The provision of pleasurable
pictures, representations of pleasurable emotion-
feelings, of Rasas^ is the business of all Poetry
and Literature proper J but, of course, what may
be Rasa to one person may be Kurasa (evil
Rasa) to another ; and this is unavoidable. |

The form of the poetry is allowed scant
importance in the Indian science, though, in the
West, metre, and to a less extent rhyme, have
been held to be essential. Bain, and J. S. Mill
before him, apparently approximate to the
Indian view, which allows of such famous prose-
poems as Kddambari^ Vdsavadattd, &c., and of
course includes the drama under poetry at large,
as one of its species. Walt Whitman and his
imitators also recognise in practice the accuracy
of this view, lit may be, however, that this view
is correct only in principle and as a theory.! In
practice the powerful additions made to the
pleasure of poetry by metre and rhyme have
considerably checked the growth of prose-poems
I

130 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

and have thrown into the shade all but the very
best For similar reasons, just as the metrical
poem is an advance upon the prose-poem, so
recited poetry and the drama constitute an
ji;!/| f V| advance upon the metrical poem. To the

^JIS'^ , musical effects of metre and rhyme which

Y|V< enlist the services of the ear in furthering the

jf'kf pleasure of poetry, the drama adds the scenic

effects which engage the eye aLo. The mental
|M/^ picture of the desired denouement (referred to

bffL , before) is, in the drama, made the vividest that

is possible without actually passing into the
' ' real. 1 And hence the dictum ^irnJtg TTC3S ^

" Amongst poems, the drama is the highest"
For similar reasons, too, it is that dance and
song of man and woman in company represent
the culmination point of esthetic enjoyment, of
pleasure, of "moreness," that is known to present
humanityl

Form being thus discounted, it remains true
i|p ' ' ' that the primary business of literature, of all

"*"** poetry, fiction, drama, and in a certain sense of

biography, history, and narratives of travels also,
is representation of Emotion-feelings (as dis-
tinguished from Emotion-desires) in their infinite
combinations and permutations as actually or
potentially present in multifarious human life.
A nation's literature is in truth that nation's
instinctive effort to provide for each of its

EMOTION IN ART. 131

members vicarious experience of the Emotion-
feelings of all its members in all its manifold
variety of life even as a world-process is
nothing more nor less than a vast endeavour
to provide for its constituent Jivas direct
experience of all possible pleasures and pains
(corresponding to and being the actuals of
Emotion-feelings), of all kinds of pleasures and .
pains possible within the spatial and durational
limits of that particular world-system.
I This also helps to explain how those writers
come to be regarded as the greatest, and those
works become the most permanent and the
most prominent, that have seized and embodied
the most permanent and prominent Emotion-
feelings of humanity in the most remarkable
manner, f

So true is this that if the mental constitution
of a race, a nation, be changed, all its literary
idols and ideals would be replaced also. This
truth is in fact embodied in all the trite expres-
sions about change of fashion, change of taste,
&c. Such expressions indeed appear trite only Cf

because applied to small and common matters. '

They are none the less true, and, in their full
significance, important. I What is true of the
small is also true of the great The histories of
nations, the histories of races, the vast story of
humanity as a whole all are illustrations of

IP*?

132 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

changes of taste and changes of fashion. The
inner life of the Self seeks ever new forms and
ways of expression, expression of Emotion-desire
and realisation of Emotion-feeling ; and it is
possible and instructive to read the stories of
the different nations as the stories of the
workings of single ruling Passions and
Emotions. I But the basic Emotions Love and
Hate, Benevolence and Pride of heart, Humility
and Fear these persist throughout, however
great the changes of taste as to the subtler com-
binations of them. They are understood always,
at all times, in all places, and the great epics
of the nations shall be always read and always
honoured because they comprehensively grasp
and powerfully depict these basic Emotions.
The subtler shades and combinations of them,
on the other hand, elude the grasp of the
general public, excite a temporary and evan-
escent interest, and remain confined to the few
that by courtesy are called " the poets of poets "
of each time and cycle.

(d) ILLUSTRATIONS.

The Rasas most common in the extant
literatures of the world are, according to the
Indian Science of Poetry, eight in number:
(i) The Beautiful and Erotic; (2) the Comic;
(3) the Pathetic; (4) the Heroic; (5) the

EMOTION IN ART. 133

Furious and Cruel ; (6) the Fearful ; (7) the
Disgusting ; and (8) the Sublime and Wonder-
ful. A ninth Rasa, ^TTnT Skdnta y the Rasa of
Peace and Renunciation of the world, is some-
times added to the list^ but it is a Rasa in a
negative sense only, by opposition as it were to
the Rasas proper whose gradual abolition con-
stitute the interest of the Shdnta. The Rasa
itself in actual life is to be found in all countries
and times ; wherever man has lived he has
known frustration of desire, and the finer natures,
z'.e. y the older or more advanced Jfvas of every
race, have drawn Vairdgya and Shdnti and
renunciation of the world from such frustra-
tion ; but the poetical representation and
embodiment of this Emotion has been largely
confined to India.

/the perusal of the above list at once gives
rise to the question why poetry and literature
allow a place to Rasas like the Furious, the
Fearful, the Disgusting, and even the Pathetic.
Why is it true, in the words of the ancient Indian
poet, Tig W^dft *3C: " The highest of the
Rasas is Pathos " ; and in those of the
modern English singer,

Our sweetest songs are those that tell of saddest
thought.

Why should there be such amazing outbreaks

Ji ',<?*! '

"

''-'^ regarding morbid pleasures and pains, in the

;/ fact that these outbreaks in literature correspond

134 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

of the Horrible, the Disgusting, and the Cruel in
! the literature of the nations ? Men desire only

1*1 JjL ' the pleasurable Emotion-feelings. And are not

* "- **<* " these painful ones? and if so, why are they

cultivated ?

The answer is to be found in all that has gone
before, mainly in what has been said above

!v

with outbreaks in actual life.
./ The so-called "painful Emotion-feelings " are
(i) either not painful at all, but positively
pleasurable to the class of Jfvas that seek them
for their own sake ; or (2) the scenes correspond-
ing to them are necessary backgrounds for the
play of the opposite Emotions. /
/It has been said just now that with every
Emotion-desire goes an Emotion-feeling, and
that every Emotion-feeling is accompanied by two
pictures in the imagination, one of the fulfilment
of the desire and the other of its defeat. The
former is pleasurable, and the latter only pain-
ful. And if this is so, it is easy to see how every
Emotion-feeling that does not precede actual
realisation in life may remain pleasurable.-^"

Emotion-desires may loosely, and not accu-
rately, be called pleasurable or painful in this
sense, that the one set takes its rise in pleasure
and the other in pain. In actual life the Emotion-

til

EMOTION IN ART. 135

feelings corresponding to the latter Emotion-
desires are also painful. The painful picture is
the most prominent in them ; it is no longer
imaginary; it is expected ; the imagination has
passed there into the more dense form of
inference and expectation.

The Fearful. An unarmed and defenceless
man in the presence of a tiger feels the Emotion-
desire of Fear the desire to run away, to escape,
to put distance and separation between himself
and the animal. The Emotion-feeling here is
purely painful, because the picture of the fulfil-
ment of the desire is very weak indeed, while
the other picture, matter of expectation as just
said and not of imagination, is overpoweringly
strong.

But let the incident occur not in real life but
in a tale that we are reading. Now two kinds
of " Selves " generally appreciate a story of
danger and adventure. The actively timid
spirit on the one hand, and the actively proud
and strong spirit on the other. It looks like a
contradiction in terms to say so, but he who has
followed and seen reason to agree in the classi-
fication which ranges Pride and Fear in the
same line, will easily see the truth of this also.
The timid spirit contemplates the danger, the
cause of Fear, and finds congenial occupation,
interest, excitement, and expansion in devising

1 J"

w

4 *%MI

'trfll f i

'If ,* I

!i r <

136

SCIENCE '.OF THE EMOTIONS.

plans to run away from the danger and avoid it.
/The pleasurable Emotion-feeling to it consists in
the picture of successfully running away from
the danger. This is the explanation of the
fondness of children for blood-curdling stones,
stories of ghosts and goblins and monsters and
wild beasts, which make them shiver in ecstasies
of fright. But in all these cases the enjoyment
of the story and the eagerness for more of it
would vanish at once if and as soon as it was
realised by, really brought home to, the reader
or listener that there was really no possibility of
escape for him in a similar situations/In the
other case, the proud and strong spirit also
contemplates the danger, the cause of Fear, and
finds congenial occupation, interest, excitement,
and expansion in devising plans to avoid the
danger ; but his plans are to avoid the danger
not by running away from it but by suppressing
it. The pleasurable Emotion-feeling to him
consists in the picture of successfully coping
with and overpowering the danger in his own
person in a similar situation.

Such is the explanation of the existence of
the literature of the Fearful.

The Cruel and the Disgusting. The explana-
tion of the literature of the Cruel and the
Disgusting is similar. Those that are in
sympathy with the correspondent Emotions

EMOTION IN ART. 137

enjoy such literature and gloat over the destruc-
tion of the defeated enemy in full sympathy
with the author of the cruel act, the murderer it
may be, or the successful schemer and intriguer,
or the adulterer, &c.*

The Pathetic. Besides this, the opposite
emotions also arise from the background of
these. Thus " Pathos," " the Pathetic," is the
counterpart of " the Terrible," " the Cruel," " the
Disgusting," &c. The " sufferer " naturally goes
along with " the author of suffering." In a scene
thus involving the presence of both are there-
fore present materials for the sympathy of
both natures, the virtuous and the vicious.
The former, sympathising with the sufferer,
experience the Rasa of w^r : karunah> Pathos,
Pity. Their Benevolence is strongly aroused,
and the picture of the fulfilment of their desire
to help is the source of their enjoyment of a
tragedy.

Let us see what happens in such a case. In
an Emotion of Benevolence, by psuedo-identifica-
tion of the one, the superior, Jfva with the other,
the inferior, Jfva, the former feels the pain of
the latter. The desire arises in him to avoid

* Max Nordau's book on Degeneration^ gives some apt
instances of the outbreak of such evil Emotions in life and litera-
ture, even in times of peace. That they are very common in
times of war is, of course, known to everybody.

138 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

that which is causing the pain, which is making
the latter inferior, small, less. He forthwith
tries to take away that which is causing the
inferiority. * The Self wherein lies unity
being predominant in this relation, and the
unity of the two being felt, there results inevit-
ably the feeling of moreness and of pleasure,
so far, to the superior ; and the pain which is
caused by the giving of a portion of the UpAclhi
(Not-Self) to the other to relieve his inferiority
though painful no doubt is lost in the pre-
dominant pleasure./ And, therefore, is " the
quality of mercy doubly blessed." The superior
feels the joy of the identification of the two
selves ; and the inferior that of the gain to his
Upddhi and relief of positive pain. But let
there be no doubt that to the material body, the
Not-Self portion of the superior, the act of giving
is a painful one. The mere fact of an unnoticed
degree in small cases should not be allowed to
hide the underlying truth which is recognised
confessedly in&ll the associations of the word
" sacrifice." \$?hat an act of Self-sacrifice is
pleasurable is true only so far as the Self-
portion of the Jfva is concerned ; ;iot as regards
the Not-Self-portion// And in this last fact
lurks the danger of much exercise of the
emotion of the Pathetic out of actual life, which
danger will be shortly referred to.

EMOTION IN ART. 139

To return : while the action of adjusting the
inequality is in progress, in fact as soon as the
desire to associate with the inferior and lift him
up arises in the mincl of the superior, there also
arises in his mind the picture of the end he
seeks to secure and of what he seeks to avoid.
The former being a picture of the completed
" association " and therefore of gained " more-
ness" is pleasurable. The other is "painful."
The former picture is sought to be realised in
outer life, in action, in reality. The other is
similarly avoided : so much so that people turn
away from suffering they cannot help ; it gives
them pain only without any possibility of the
pleasure of relieving it, and they cannot bear to
see misery that is hopeless. This in actual life.
But in imagination, in literature, whatever the
end of the story, whether a completed tragedy
or not, the imagination always contemplates the
possibility of relieving the distress and so can
find enjoyment.

When such an Emotion is called up in poetry
by delineating the appropriate occasion and
circumstances, the reader naturally, if his Jfva
be so constituted as to be in sympathy with the
subject (that is to say, if Benevolence be an
Emotion congenial to his Self) pictures pre-
dominantly the pleasurable denouement which
he himself would create if he had the oppor-

1'ii F 1

et tfc

140 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

1>*2

' '|' ( | | j tunity, and revolves it constantly in mind,

\; exercising his benevolent propensities in all

|[f ' ways possible under the circumstances ; and so

he derives pleasure from the poetry. His " bene-

ft

^M i volent Self" is, so to say, intensified, made more,

* * ] >? in the pictured denouement.

But if he were not in sympathy with the
subject, the poetry could have no charm, no
interest for him ; and if his Jfva belonged dis-
tinctly to the opposite class, then any expres-
sions in the work calculated to evoke Benevolence
or appearing to demand Pity would be positively
painful to him, and he would only side with and
enjoy the description of the deeds of the author
of the suffering in the work.

But a great danger underlies the enjoyment
of such scenes of pathos by even the benevolent
and the full of pity.

There have been human beings who, originally
virtuously inclined and taking pleasure in deeds
of charity and help and service to others, having
begun to take pleasure in mere tales or dramatic
representations of such, and have gradually sunk
into being contented with such imaginary exer-
cise of their Benevolence. And they have fallen
further, if their worldly position has given them
the requisite power, into that awful condition of
the apparently unintelligible human monster
who, not content with imaginary scenes for his

EMOTION IN ART. 141

imaginary Pity, devises actual real scenes of
cruelty and torture to human and other beings
in order to excite and expand his " pitying Self."
Lest this seem too far-fetchediconsider the case
of singing-birds separated from their mates and
confined in different cages in order to make
them sing more passionately and sweetly. The
very commonness of the practice hides the
subtle and refined cruelty underlying it ;1 and
it is no more noticed than the true significance
referred to before of the fattening of animals
for the slaughter-yard. Who knows but that
the refined and cultured men that sat on the
throne of decadent Rome, Caligula and Nero
and their kin who have been prominent in all
nations in the days of their disruption, even as
foul worms in a putrefying corpse ; who were
common in the mediaeval ages of Europe as well
as of Asia who knows but that they have been
really such aberrations of nature, not only
wild savages, with merely the instincts of Hate
predominant in them. These phenonienalj^vas
seem to appear largely only at those stages in
human history when a turning point is reached,
when the Self and the Not-Self elements of the
Ji'va are both almost equally strong, when the
struggle between them is the severest, when Pity
is necessary to indulge in, and yet the pain of
the sacrifice of the Not-Self, alluded to before, is

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

so great as to prevent a real and true indulgence
of it.

Of course, it may be that in any one or all of
lip", the particular instances referred to above, the

Jivas were only purely vicious natures, in whom
the element of Not-Self, and consequently the
force of separation, were overpoweringly pre-
dominant, and who therefore took a pleasure in
the cruel sights of the arena only to gratify their
Emotion-desires of Hatred and Pride. But the
other view is not altogether useless. It supplies
a possible explanation in certain cases which are
otherwise inexplicable.

And in that explanation, perhaps, may be
found a reason why the science of the Indian
drama tacitly discourages tragedy writing ; why
tragedies, songs " Of old, unhappy, far-off things
and battles long ago," " Sweetest songs that tell
of saddest thought," i Songs of the separation of
lovers," belong not to the strongest and most
vigorous stage in the story of a nation, but
perhaps to the period of its weakness.1 The
Indian view is so strong on this point that the
author of the Uttara-Rdma-charita than which
it is not easy to conceive a finer study of Pathos
in any language or literature has given a happy
ending to his work, directly contradicting even
the traditional story of the sage Vdlmfki.

It is desirable in many ways that the valuable

EMOTION IN ART. 143

Emotion of Pity should not be wasted on air.

The literature and the scenic representation of

the Pathetic should be only sparingly allowed,

and used principally for the cultivation and

development of the finer feelings, when such is

deemed expedient and possible in view of the

ever-present danger of arousing sympathy in a

vicious nature with the evil characters of the

drama. In the words of Rdma to his lifelong

servant and ceaseless devotee Hanurndn : f I do

not wish at all to pay thee back the kindness r

thou hast done to me : to wish this were to

wish that thou shouldst be in pain and need my

help : and such wish is the wish of the false

1 -

friend and not the true." | To be always seeking

in imagination, i.e.^ in imagined scenes of
suffering, which is very different from prayer
for the well-being of the world for the grati-
fication of one's benevolent propensities is to
be always desiring that others should be in
misfortune. So closely do good and evil elbow
each other in human life and so difficult is it
to djatinguish between them always.
\Xlt is clear that (i) The Beautiful and Erotic,
(3) the Pathetic, and (8) the Sublime and f

Wonderful belong to the side of Love and
Attraction, while (5) the Furious and Cruel,
(6) the Fearful, and (7) the Disgusting, belong
to the side of Hate and Repulsion. The interest

144 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

of (2) the Comic, and (4) the Heroic is mixed.
The Comic consists of Ridicule and Good-
^|' i! | humour; while the Heroic is similarly made up

I 1 of Pride and Self-sacrifice. J

(e) THE OTHER ARTS.

> nig/;, ^ What is true of poetry and literature in that

; >l|| '< they are representations of the Emotions, is also

true of painting, sculpture, music, architecture,
and the other Fine Arts of the past and the
future, with this difference ; that in all these, in
some more than in others, but still in all, the
purely sensuous element, as distinguished from
the emotional, is greater than in poetry and
literature.

From what has been said above as to the
nature of Emotion and as to the factors
involved in it (ch. iii., iv., and ix.) it will have
appeared that Emotion as distinguished from
merely physical and sensuous craving, appears
only between Jfva and Jfva. There is no
Emotion between feeder and food, seer and
colour as such, hearer and sound, smeller and
scent though each of these objects may be
intensely pleasing or painful. It is only when
" subjects " become " objects " to each other that
complicated relations arise, intellect is born, and
multifarious forms of action in social and
national life, trades, commerce, governmental

EMOTION IN ART. 145

institutions, come into being all three, Intellect,
Emotion, and Action increasing in complexity
side by side, and language too growing corres-
pondingly.

Poetry and literature are therefore, as is
generally and naturally recognised, the means
of the completest and closest exposition of
human life. The other forms of art sometimes
do not aim at representing or arousing Emotion
in this sense at all a landscape, a sea-scene, a
wordless melody may appeal to the purely
sensuous consciousness, and may be " beautiful "
only as pleasing exclusively to the eye or the
ear. But this happens seldom: a "human
interest " is generally given to his work by the
author ; he introduces elements which arouse
Emotions of love, or sympathetic Fear, or
Pathos, or Heroism. Even architecture is either
"devotional/' or "grand and sublime/' or "stern
and forbidding/' or "strong and massive," or
" dull and lifeless/' and so forth. At the present
stage of humanity, combinations of Sense and
Emotion are the most attractive and the most
appreciated. That music is the most honoured
which is not only pleasant to the ear but also
expresses an Emotion powerfully, either by
suggestion and association or directly by appro-
priate words, and so far is poetry. That sculp-
ture, that painting, receives the most praise,
K

w

w

4 i

a :

I

^
I !

146

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

which is not only faultless as a masterpiece of
form or colour, but also embodies a powerful
Emotion with which the beholder's temperament

is m consonance.

f

CHAPTER X.

THE IMPORTANCE AND PLACE OF EMOTION

IN HUMAN LIFE AND THE SOURCE

OF ITS POWER.

Bearing the facts set forth above in mind, it is
not difficult to see that all life is only an unfold-
ment of the possibilities of Emotion-desires and
Emotion-feelings. Every page, every paragraph,
every sentence of every book of literature
directly embodies a phase of emotion. And it
may be said in a certain sense correctly, that
such is the case with even every book of science,
though indirectly, for the direct object of such
is the collection of cognitions and not the
representation of Emotions. Very instructive
exercise is it for students to try to specify these
phases of Emotion. For literature is only a
representation of actual life, more or less accurate.
And every action, every movement, every spoken
word of every individual human being, and again
his whole life considered as a unity and in the
man, will be found to represent one " ruling
passion," if he be properly studied.
147

148 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Even as a single atom acted on simultaneously
by the motions of millions upon millions of other
atoms has one motion which is the single result-
ant of all these numberless motions plus its own
special motion, so the whole of every human life
may be reduced to a unity of Emotion-desire and
Emotion-feeling. And from this standpoint, as
} mere object of operation and study, each life,

each phase of Emotion, stands on a level with
all others. The picking and choosing amongst
them comes later. For the time, the student
only sees that Emotion-desire stands at the very
centre of life ; immediately directs all actions
and movements whatsoever as means of its own
gratification ; and indirectly guides the collection
of cognitions, the acquisition of knowledge, as
means to the proper performance of those
actions.

From this standpoint, the life of an emperor
of continents, the history of a conqueror of
nations, the path of a Teacher of the worlds, is
on the same level with the life of a nameless
beggar, of a long-forgotten victim of proud
tyranny, of the most ignorant of the ignorant.

|; V?, Each represents one of the infinite phases of

f '* the abstract Self, the Pratyagdtmi, in relation

with the Not-Self, the Miilaprakriti.

That such and such a particular one of all
these phases looms most largely before the gaze

EMOTION IN LIFE.

149

of a nation or a race at any time and place is
only part of the arrangement by which each
phase gets its due turn. So long as humanity is
double-sexed it will remain true that :

All thought, all passions, all delights,
Whatever stirs this mortal frame,

All are but ministers of Love,
And feed his sacrecl flame.

It is the same with other Emotions, There
comes a time in the life of every J{va when the
Self insists on exercising its omnipotence in the
startling phase of the power of suicide, of deny-
ing and killing itself, when it says : " Only the
Not-Self is ; only matter is ; there is no such
thing as I, as the Self, the spirit ; eat, drink, and
be merry, for to-morrow we die." There comes
another time when it runs to the opposite
extreme of belittling and denying the Not-Self,
and says : " There is no such thing as matter at
all ; no such thing as Not-Self; all is spirit, all is
I ;" and it adds : " Take no thought for the
morrow," drawing the same conclusion from
infinitely different premises the truth as ever
lying between.

Thus phases of Emotion have their reign and
dominance in human story by turns, and the
literature of the day reflects them.

But apart from this general importance of

ISO SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

Emotion in life, what is the special source of
its power in particular instances, what is the
special food on which Emotion-desire nourishes
itself and grows overpoweringly strong so as to
sweep away reason on ever so many occasions
in life ? This food is imagination. It has been
generally remarked that imagination is an
essential factor in all the more remarkable
forms of Emotion. Thus, there is no horror
where there is no imagination : an actual battle-
field with thousands slaughtered is not so
| f horrible as a mysterious murder. The reason of

this is to be found in the very nature of
Emotion as explained in chapter iii. and the
laws which govern its provocation as stated in
chapter viii. An Emotion is a desire plus an
intellectual consciousness. Where the desire
does not find immediate vent in action, it works
in and round the intellectual consciousness, as
expectation, as imagination, and thereby gathers
strength in the manner described in p. 130 of
chapter ix. But that strength is, because of
the very manner in which it gathers, not real,

'|H ! ' ' true, and enduring strength; and when, sought

to be utilised in action it very often fails. This
is very noticeable in much modern urban life.
Because of the increase of intelligence life has
become largely emotional in theosophical ter-
minology, the astral consciousness is developed

I: f I/

EMOTION IN LIFE.

highly and immense amounts of misery and
happiness are gone through by human beings
for causes purely airy as they would be called
from the standpoint of the physical body. A
very slight physical matter, some careless piece
of behaviour or management of affairs, entirely
unimportant and trivial in itself, is made the
basis of a large amount of imagined pleasant or
painful situations and consequences and result-
ing pleasantness or unpleasantness. It should
be noted that some basis, however slight, in
physical conduct is absolutely indispensable.
The attempt to separate Emotion and hold it
apart altogether from Sense is as futile as the
endeavour to give a value to money apart from
the things it can purchase. As the true use and
. destiny and fulfilment of the latter is purchase
of articles, so the true fulfilment of the being of
the former is wholesome, righteous vent in
action in actual life. The non-recognition and
non-realisation of this essential fact is the reason
why so very frequently Platonic loves begun
with high ideals gradually descend into hysterics
and idiocy, or worse still into sexual immorality
and crime ; and large fortunes commenced to be
accumulated for comforts and ease of life end in
mere miserliness and avarice.

The power of " soulful " eyes, the source of
many a young person's distractions, of eyes

IS2

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

<{ pensive and melancholy," of glances " fascina-
ting" or "weird" or " serpent-like," of looks
" suggestive " or "speaking whole volumes," is
exactly this, that they are "suggestive" of
indefinite possibilities, and " speak whole
volumes "but when required in actual daily
domestic life to throw all these " suggestions "
and " speeches " into actualities, they naturally
often fail woefully and false expectations are
properly disappointed. A single copper has
often sufficed to build a castle, but only in the
air ; it will not buy one meal in common life.

As to what the significance is, from the point
of view of evolution, of the endeavour to with-
draw the Emotions from the senses, the
endeavour to live in the Emotions rather than
the senses, when such an endeavour is exten-
sively observable in a large class of humanity,
e.g. in an excess of imagination and literature
over action that significance seems to be that
that class is seeking new senses in which to vent
its Emotions, the present ones having grown
stale ; that biological changes in the physical
constitution of the race are pending.

Notice in the current literature at the end of
the nineteenth century how the sex problem is
being threshed out from all points of view, and
how its sensuous and actual side is being thrown
more and more into the background by the

EMOTION IN LIFE, 153

mere Emotion-feeling element ; how the feeling of
ennui and weariness is spreading more and more;
how there seems to be steadily growing, amongst
men and women of culture and intelligence,
a sense of disappointment and dissatisfaction
with the present order and arrangement of
nature. If this sense of dissatisfaction and
weariness were to grow sufficiently strong and
extensive, then it is conceivable that after the
lapse of ages, after many relapses into the old
conditions and temporary revivals of satisfaction
and pleasure in them, radical changes in the
physical constitution of man and his surround-
ings might come about, and humanity go back
again through the bi-sexual to the asexual
condition, with corresponding entire modification
of the details not the essentials of intellectual
and emotional constitution also as some of the
ancient books teach us.

CHAPTER XL

THE HIGH APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE

OF THE EMOTIONS.

What Is the practical application of the
Science of the Emotions, a very brief exposi-
tion of which has been attempted ? How may
this knowledge be utilised for the bettering of
human life?

To whom the Science is addressed. -What is
true of all other knowledge is true of this.
We know, and we strive in accordance with,
and with the help of, our knowledge. But
between the knowing and the striving there
intervenes the wish for the object which is to
be secured by the striving. Between the
cognition and the action there interposes the
Emotion, the desire, that connects the two. So
to connect the knowledge of the science of the
Emotions with the action for the improvement
of humanity there is needed the real, earnest,
true wish to improve one's own life and that
of others. Otherwise the science is useless, as
'54

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 155

a looking-glass unto the blind. Perhaps worse
than useless. The unscrupulous may wrench it
to suit their own evil purposes.

This wish cannot be forced. It must be left
to come of itself. To what has been said before
as to the broad division of Jfvas into two
classes, and of the passing of each Jfva from
the one into the other class, it should be added
that the wish miist come to each Jfva at some
time or other in the course of its evolution,
when that Jfva ceases to live for itself; when
after a period of Vishdda and Vairigya and
blankness, in which still with a remnant of
that purest selfishness which is the very
beginning of unselfishnessit seeks for peace
and rest and quiet for itself, it realises that
Peace, and realises in that same moment also
that it has to live for others by the supreme
Law of the World-Process, which compels it to
repay in love to others what it has itself received
by love from others ; when the 'WOPR Eshana- |

tray a, the threefold seeking for jpr putra, ?jc

"ftnr vitta, and gfrajr loka, for progeny, wealth, J'*f

name, and place in the world ; for perpetuation ^

and expansion of the Self in children, in #|?

material possessions, and in the mind and ;f|

opinion of the world which led it into the >?;

incurring of the ^fJff^ra Rina-traya^ the three- | ; ;

fold debt to the Pitris or ancestors, the Rishis \\{,

m

156

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

i

or the teachers, the Devas or the Gods, who
severally give progeny, mind and knowledge, and
worldly possessions is reversed, and forces it to
gird up its loins to discharge the Rina-traya ;
when it sees the truth of what Krishna said :

r sfhrftr u

" He that helpeth not to maintain revolving
the wheel of the cycles thus set going, but
seeketh the pleasure of his own senses and liveth
in sin, he liveth in vain indeed, O son of Pritha,"

The reason why such time must come to
every Jfva must be sought in the Metaphysic
of the World-Process of its How and Why.
It is enough to say here that in that time
of Vainigya and desolation, which comes on
the Jfva when the desire that guided it on-
wards down the HwflS'Jfl^h Pravritti mdrgah^ the
Path of Action,* fails and dies, all Sensations
and Emotions the highest, noblest, grandest,
dazzling and enchaining the mind, or the lowest,
vilest, meanest, disgusting and revolting it are
all, without one single, solitary exception, seen
to be on the same level, seen to be mere empti-

* The Path of Action is the path of attachment to, of
engagement in, of pursuit of, the material life, the arc of the
descent into matter, as opposed to the Path of Renunciation,
the fVraf^jfj^: Nwritti mdrgah, the arc of ascent into spirit.

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 157

ness and dream. In that time all the old
motives fail, because the very fount of all such
motives, the desire for experiences, is exhausted.
But the one motive, the one desire, if it may
be so called, remains, viz., the desire for
Self-preservation, for Self-understanding. This
desire is the instinctive grasping by the Self of
Its own immortality in Its abstract, Pratyagdtmd,
aspect Such is the supreme Love and Com-
passion of the Self for the Self that It always
blesses Itself, *nTJ^nnt, Mdnabhiiydsan, " May
I never not be." Out of this desire rises f$j

inevitably, necessarily, without fail, the under- ji

standing of the universal nature of the Self.
This understanding is the essential liberation
of which a great One has said: " Moksha is f!

not a change of conditions but of condition."

After the coining of such time is the Science ||

of the Emotions mostly helpful. The Jfva
cannot fully understand and realise the true
meaning of Love and Hate, till he has in some ||t

moment or other of his life risen beyond them ^1

both into, and preserves the memory of, the kl

region in which neither has existence and from y|/

which both take their birth. But having once \$

seen them in their bareness and essence, having o

realised how all the Emotions are on the same tf ? |

level from a certain standpoint, the Jfva can $ |;

thenceforth delibrately choose those on the side ||j.

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

It '

ill;;

I

of Love it is impossible for him to choose
otherwise after such vision of Truth for the
use of humanity.

From that time onwards, with ever clearer
vision, the Jfva looking before and after,
understanding the way he has come, under-
standing also the way he has to go back,
knowing the nature of the desire that led
him forwards, knowing the nature of the desires
that are holding him -the Jfva rises above
them by that very knowledge, for to know is
to be above and beyond that which is known ;
and day after day he uses them for the good of
others, throwing off a fetter every now and then
from his own limbs or from those of another,
knowing that he cannot rid himself or others of
all at once, until the final Peace is gained at
the end of the destined world-cycle.

True it is what Krishna said :

If

"The Jfva enwrapped in Ahamkira (the feeling
of a separate Self), thinketh ' I am the doer/ "
True also is His riddle :

uyfit

"All beings follow their nature; what shall
restraint avail ? "

But the truth is not as so many interpre-
tations put it an advice to feel a hopeless

:

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 159

helplessness in the presence of a crushing,
irresistible, and relentless Fate, an advice to
follow blindly the instincts and impulses of one's
lower nature, whether good or evi.

Such is not the truth. The truth is that the
statements are an explanation, and not at all a
direction. Wherever the feeling of "A&am" of
I, a Self, an Ego, is, there also is the feeling of
" freedom," of " power to act." If the latter is
an illusion, it is only because the former is an
illusion too. Just as the separate Self is a
reflection, in a mass of the Not-Self, of the
united, the abstract Self, the Pratyagitmd, so
too and in the same degree, is the feeling of
free-will a reflection therein of the " unlimited-
ness," the non-limitation of that Pratyagdtmd.
The two go hand-in-hand. It is not right to
say " I am," and at the same time also to say ^

" I am compelled absolutely by something else if J

than I." The whole compels all parts equally. ff

The whole does not compel any one part by jflfy

preference, nor does any one part compel any ^| f

other absolutely, and compulsion equal for all ; {|

is compulsion for none. The frppfli: Nigrahah, v>

restraint, in the shloka, means restraint by one r j

weak part exercised against another stronger |

part of, and not the whole of, Prakriti. For V;;|

restraint is also part of Prakriti. And advice '{^

and counsel and direction, instruction and com-

w 1 ,1

W"'-i

te:

i6o

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

mand, are addressed and should be addressed
only where the possibility of their proving
effective, of their being listened to and followed,
is already in the bud. Were it not so, advice
and instruction had long been abolished from
this world. The truth underlying them is that
he to whom they are addressed, however out-
wardly impervious and adverse to them, has in
him, by mere fact of being human like him who
addresses them, the possibility of the wish to
follow them,

Thus then may the Science of the Emotions
be addressed to all, though all may not now
obviously and openly be in sympathy with its
practical purpose. For, hidden away in the
heart of each member of the human race, is the
seed of Vairdgya. And there is no mystery in
this. Desire is in the human heart And
desire carries with it its own frustration, and in
the frustration is Vairigya.

Cultivate Vairdgya, then, my brothers and my
sisters ! and when the seed of it begins to show
soft sprouts within your minds, nourish and guard
them carefully. Cease to live for the separated
Self; begin to live for others. There is no
fallacy in spreading broad this counsel, friends !
For though it has been said just now that there
is that in every human heart which is potentially
pervious to this counsel, yet only in a very few

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. l6l

has that seed germinated so far that the water
of this counsel will help it to grow.

There seems to be an inconsistency herein ;
thus : there is the possibility of Vainigya and of
living not for the separated Self but for others
in the heart of every Jfva, and so this counsel to
live for others may be addressed to all. But
there is also the impossibility of all living for
others, and so an impropriety in directing the
counsel to all. The explanation of the incon-
sistency is this : that what is impossible simulta-
neously is perfectly possible in succession ; all
may live for others, not at the same time, but
successively.

In the majority the seed of Vairdgya is yet
lying asleep ; it has not found the soil and the
season in which it may awake and grow. Long
yet must they continue to live for the separated
Self in the course of the Law. This science and
this counsel will not reach their ears, or if their
ears then surely not their hearts. Their turn
will come much later, and when it comes the
"endless flow of Mayd" will have provided
other Jfvas for whose good these later comers
will be living then.

And, listening to the counsel, what remains to

do? The outer life of him who has thus

achieved the true intelligence, is yfrg'figf krita~

buddki] who has seen and is full of the Self,

L

162

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

'.ft

dtwa-vdn ; nay, who has made his
Self, created it anew, regenerated it, is WWTWfT
kritdtmd his outer life will be the same as that
of all good men, only more good, more self-
sacrificing. For is he not deliberately living
now for others, while the ordinary good-hearted
man is obeying the inclination of his heart
unconsciously, under the dictates of the special
past karma which connects him with those to
whom he does his service?

Such a man becomes, by constant practice,
the master of his Emotions from having been
their slave ; and by and bye he learns to guide
the Emotions of his fellow-men also into the
better ways. And so he can preserve his calm
unshaken always, doing all his duties with a
mind at perfect peace, unagitated, undisturbed
by anything, and so pass on from stage to stage
of evolution till the end in Peace.

Human Life. What are the stages through
which the Individuality of the Jfva grows and
passes ?

We are told that in the evolution of a Jfva
there are three unvarying stages. (i) The
stage of consciousness very latent and un-
manifest it may be, as in the mineral or
vegetable condition, or massive and gregarious
and racial, as in the herds of lower animals, or
separated and strong, as amongst the lower

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 163

human races. (2) The stage of self-conscious-
ness when the Self is more or less distinctly
felt as different from the body and from other
Selves, and is treated as such implicitly ; when
it is distinctly recognised as a one, as an
individual, amongst many ones and individuals,
as in the more advanced classes of humanity.
And (3) the stage of All-Self-consciousness,
when the Self is recognised as one in all
Selves, as in Those who have gone beyond
humanity.

Through these three stages, the One, Pratyag-
dtmd limiting itself into separate individuals, is
always returning again to Its original unity in
the illusion of the World-Process.

In practice, these stages of the Jfva's evolu-
tion are accomplished by means of different
and distinct kinds of material bodies, the number
and density of which apparently differs with
different world-systems.

In our own system it seems that in the earlier
forms, which we call the lower and the grosser,
the Jfva Ifves entirely in the outer sheath. Its
thought is identical with its desire, its desire
identical with its action. Its life is constant
actions, constant movements of the physical
body. It reaches out at once for whatsoever it
desires, however passingly; it runs away as
immediately from whatever causes it aversipn;

1 64 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

without the slightest pause, the least delibera-
tion, without thought in short. This is the
purely physical stage.

By and bye, when separateness "manyness"
increases between the growing Jfvas, conflicting
desires and aversions move each Jfva simul-
taneously. The consequence is a deadlock in
the physical body and great activity in the Ji'va,
which begins to realise itself as separate from
the body, regarding the latter as an instrument,
as something belonging to it, in short, as its
and not as itself. But how can the Ji'va be
separate and active without an Upadhi, a sheath ?
Forthwith it begins to utilise more largely the
subtler astral body, and as it progresses this
is formed of finer and finer matter.

Indeed, as copies of copies of copies may be
made ad infinitum y so consciousness and
imagination may draw further and further
inwards and go further and further outwards
ad infinitum. The more outwards they go, the
greater the sense of separateness and mutual
resistance, the denser the matter; the more
inwards they recede, the less the sense of
separateness and mutual resistance, the finer
and subtler the matter.

So, again, with a still more extensive growth
of manyness and separateness and much com-
plexity and multiplicity of desires and aversions,

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 165

when the Jfva conies to see and feel that the
entertainment of even these desires and
aversions is pleasant or painful when it comes
to cognise the nature and aspects of Rasa then
the desires come to a deadlock, and the Jfva
picks and chooses from them deliberately. The
literary stage, the increase of mind in the sense
of the lower intellect, results. The careful i
following out of the consequences of desires and ||
aversions, and of actions in accordance with n
them, expands the lower intelligence enormously ||
(if as yet un-self-consciously), and great intel- }4>
lectual results, in social life, in trade and II
commerce, in literature, physical science, and ||
the arts, proceed from this stage of the Jfva's |f
life. The Jfva, in order to pick and choose l|
between desires and aversions and connected f|
actions, has to organise for itself another and }f
still finer Upddhi, called the mental body. ty
By and bye the processes of the lower intelli- I;^
gence, the mind, become so complex, so ^
extensive, so multifarious, that the Jfva becomes l\
tired of them, and has to pick and choose 'f;
between them. Its constant and increasingly j;
intense struggles with others throw it back 1
again and again on itself, and the Self- ^
consciousness of the Kdrana-Sharfra, or causal ;>
body, arises at this stage. But the Self-
consciousness is the consciousness of the ;;

1 66

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

ib

iff^,

'1 ' ('"'

/

< ."a

fc /u

J !

1 I'y'l

' ^f

>.

individual separate Self. And this is a very

subtle and strong body and hard to transcend.

The Ahamkdra, the " I "-ness, is sublest and

strongest at this stage, and in conjunction with

a highly-developed mental body and intelligence

there appears within it the phenomenon of

" desires being desired." The real thing desired

is of course the material object of the desire, and

not the desire itself; but with the excessive and

lopsided development of the Intelligence (the

characteristic of the 5th race) and the exhaustion

of the ordinary Sensations and Emotions, we see

.that phase of life which is described as the

"craving for Sensations and Emotions," the

" craving for a great Love, or a great Hate,"

" the blankness and craving due to the absence

of a motive."

This stage of Self-consciousness, concentrated
into utter isolation and blankness, naturally and
immediately precedes the next, wherein the life
of the individual separated Self is seen to end in
pain only, where pleasure was expected and
desired. At this stage arises that unlimited
Vairigya*, which is based on the pain and
despair born of separateness, of manyness itself.
And then the Jfva recovers its lost memory of
Oneness. A remnant, however, lasts of its

* Vide The Yoga- V&nshtha (Mumukshu-Prakarana).

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE.

separateness and individual existence. The
return journey may not be accomplished in a
moment when the outward journey has occupied
so many ages and aeons. This remnant, com-
bined with the Jfva's new insight and belief,
builds the buddhic body ; still an individual
separate body, but seeming to work in a way
almost entirely the reverse of that of the former
bodies. While former ones reached out from
the one to the others around, this seems to
reach in from the all around to any particular
one, the process corresponding to the process of
thfe highest and the truest Metaphysic. And
yet this is not in reality so. The inversion of
the point of view causes this apparent inversion
of method of action also. Inasmuch as the
essential nature of all action, all movement, is
the same, and there is no action or movement
possible without limitation and separateness, the
inversion is only apparent, and due to extreme
rapidity of motion, and the preponderance of
the All-Self-consciousness over the mere Self-
consciousness. Where formerly the Jfva thought :
" How may I benefit myself at the expense of
others ?" and looked out from one point towards
his surroundings, his circumference, he now
places himself at the circumference, grasps in
consciousness the whole sphere of the kosmos,
of which he is a part, and from that standpoint

168 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

looks in at any particular Jiva-point that is
requiring help, and thinks : " How may I, the
whole, benefit this, the part?" The touch of
separateness and illusion that now exists is the
Sdttvika^ the pure, part of Avidya.

As the All-Self-consciousness becomes over-
poweringly predominant there results the nirvinic
or dtmic body, and still beyond come the still
higher inconceivable stages of consciousness
and bodies lasting to the end of the activity
and the commencement of the pralaya of the
particular kosmos we are concerned with.

Such is the evolution of the Jiva and the
growth of his Individuality. Vlndividuality is
" memory and expectation centred in a one''
The longer that one can look backward into
the past and forward into the future, the
stronger is the individuality. ^The more con-
stantly one can preserve the memory and
expectation, the clearer one's higher conscious-
ness of unity with the Pratyagatmd, the
finer that individuality*/' The growth of the
individuality corresponds with the growing
refinement of the encasements. It should be
remembered that in the case of each of these
encasements it is as much a "body" as the
" physical," in the sense that it is still material,
still made of Miilaprakriti, still different from
the inner aspect of the Jfva, the Pratyagatmd ;

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE.

and the names given to the bodies indicate only
that that particular aspect of Pratyagitmd which
gives the name is the most predominant and
prevalent in that body. It does not mean that
that aspect forms the material of the body. J/va
is Pratyagdtirui from the mineral stage to the
nirvdnic ; its Upddhi is Miilaprakriti from the j|

mineral stage to the nirvAnic. So, too, the 4

three aspects of the concrete, individual Jfva, viz., 4

Gnydna, Ichchd, and KriyA knowledge, desire .f

and action ; correspond to the three aspects of ^

the abstract, universal PratyagAtmd Sat, Chit, (1

and Ananda ; as also the three aspects of the f

concrete, individual Upddhi, viz., Dravya, Guna,
and Karma (substance, attribute and motion),
correspond to the three aspects of universal
Miilaprakriti Sattva, Rajas, and Tamas ; these
also persist from the lowest to the highest f<,

Many problems are cleared up by this view of <|>

the growth of individuality. Many a crystal, v|

many a flower, many an animal, in its perfection,
is far more beautiful than a sickly human child ; !';

many a human child is far more beautiful than l\

a sickly human youth or weak old man. And ^

yet each succeeding one of the list looms larger JJ

in our mental perspective than the preceding ,

ones ; and we unconsciously, instinctively, wel- ^

come its growth and preservation, or regret its ,v

loss and destruction accordingly. This is due

I ';t>

t.?*f f iU '

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

solely to the fact of a successively larger and
firmer individuality.

Let us, then, strive to grow the buddhic body
and the buddhic consciousness, and let the
lower bodies take care of themselves ; or rather,
indeed, let us try with all our might to rise
above them once for all ; and so when they in
their due course- for the Jfva must pass through
them unavoidablytake definite form, still they
shall not be strong to hinder us and delay our
journey onwards in the process of evolution.

There is no impossibility in this. At the
great turning-points of cycles the Jfva catches a
glimpse of all the future stages, and he may
attach himself deliberately to a distant one
rather than a nearer, regarding his necessary
passage through the nearer ones for he cannot
altogether overleap and avoid them as only a
temporary necessity and means ; or he may
attach himself to a nearer one, when he will
have to pass through the turning-point of
Vairigya again and again before he gets hold
of the next goal. In exact proportion to the
stretch and extent of his Vairigya is the Jfva's
stride of progress in evolution.

It may be that the outer circumstances of the
majority of students are not favourable to con-
duct and life such as are required by a
developing buddhic consciousness. But all can

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE.

try to approach to an ideal, perfecting their
consciousness and their conduct side by side.
By constantly maintaining the breadth of the
consciousness so as to include all ; by always
regulating conduct so as to seek in love the good
of all ; these are the means whereby the buddhic
consciousness and body are developed and at
last perfected. And in helping towards such
perfection lies the true use of the Science of
the Emotions,

How Human Life is Helped by this Science. p

We have seen how the very root of all the |i^

virtues is the Emotion of Love ; how the very
Essence of Love is the realisation of the unity
of all Jfvas; how this realisation is the very
heart of the Higher Consciousness. To those
who have passed through the vast toil of the
mental journey through the wildernesses of doubt
and the deserts of despair is now secure the
reward of being able to deliberately and con- |i,

sciously cultivate and compel the growth of f|,

Love in the soft and fruitful soil of their ~ : ~ J ~ ' f

by persistently feeding it with the waters of the
perennial stream of that Truth, the unity of all
Jfvas. To others who have not undergone this
labour, Love is only an instinct, a flickering and
fitful flame, uncertain, doubtful, to be lit by
passing pleasures and extinguished by passing
pains ; burning stronger and longer in some

172 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

natures, dying down quickly in others, and, by
reaction, leaving behind more strong the foul
smell and smoke and darkness of Hate. And
also, to these others, Love is an instinct in and
of the UpAdhi, the Not-Self, the separated Self,
the mere reflection of the true Self; such Love
too is therefore only the reflection of the true
Love, and it is invariably and in its deepest
hiddenness the love of the personal Self, the
separate Self, and therefore never free from the
taint and the danger of latent selfishness. But
once the Truth of truths has been clearly seen,
the flame has been lit for ever, and, though it
may and will be weakened now and again, it
can never entirely die out ; and the Love so
compelled to grow is the impersonal Love, the
love of the united Self, a Love that always turns
its face towards and is always reaching out to,
the abstract Pratyagdtm^, and so cannot be
limited and selfish.

Feeding then this flame of Love constantly
with the oil of that great Truth, we can see
and secure for the use of ourselves and of all
humanity all the gems and jewels of the other
virtues. So, bearing ever in mind the untruth
of the manyness of Jfvas, we can forcefully, un-
tiringly, struggle against Hate and all its band
of vices. Knowing the true nature and essence
of Emotion-desire, we can watch every thought

r

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 173

and word and action of our own in the constant
light of Self-consciousness and Self-analysis, and

those of others in the light of All-Self-conscious- *
ness, whereby we see that the desires of all are

as the desires of each. And so watching, and I

knowing that whatever of us and from us causes I

pain and hurt and harm to another is due to |

our desire to live for our separate Self, to foster I

our own Ahamkdra, to pfain something for 'J

ourselves at the expense and pain of our brother f

even though the gain be the merest fleeting |

feeling of pleasure, an Emotion-feeling, a Rasa, I ,

of pride or scorn so watching and so knowing f

we shall avoid falling again into the power of J

desire, which has so long tied us to re-birth, i

which is the cause of so much misery to I

humanity, which has, no doubt, already been ;|

defeated in the great struggle of the period of ! |

of Vainlgya, but which yet lifts again and again %

a rebellious and treacherous head, seeking 4

for opportunity to regain and re-assert its l\

sovereignty* f|

Knowing too the correspondence of the l|

Emotions, knowing how they create in ordinary " |5

humanity as fire does in ordinary combus- ^,

tibles their own likeness, we shall be able ^

deliberately to avoid creating in the minds of ^

our fellow-beings any of the Emotions on the ',

side of Hate and Vice; we shall be able to f

174

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

create in them the Emotions on the side of
Love and Virtue,

When we see Fear, we shall not show the
counterpart of Fear, i.e.. Scorn ; we shall behave
not as the ordinary combustible, that itself
flames up at the touch of a flaming substance,
but as gold that melts and becomes the purer
the more it is exposed to the fire ; we shall
respond with Benevolence and tender Pity to
Timidity.

When we meet with Pride and Disdain we
shall not respond with Fear, as will the common
weak nature, or with greater Pride and Scorn
as will the common strong nature, but with
Humility ; and so responding with Humility,
we shall transmute the other's Pride into
Benevolence for in ordinary humanity, to
which most possessors of Pride belong, the
counterpart of Humility is Benevolence and
thus we shall create in the other's mind a noble
Emotion which will uplift him and be of use
to others who need his help, though we ourselves
may not need his Benevolence.

Or if we are not sufficiently masters of
ourselves to force Humility upon ourselves in
response to the other's Pride, and our nature,
partaking overmuch of the common strong
nature, surges up with the consciousness of
our own superiority ; then, at the least, we can

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 1/5

add Love to that consciousness of our superi-
ority, and transfuse the whole into a quiet Pity
and Benevolence for the other's ignorance and
Pride and Superciliousness. But let us
remember that this is not the best way, but
dangerous ; for it may foster Pride in our own
inner heart, and the Pity may become a
sneering Pity instead of true Benevolence.
For very subtle are the workings of Ahamkira
and its manifestations. Let us guard against
them carefully in ourselves by the only means
of constant Self-watchfulness, and imperceptibly
but powerfully we shall help others who come
into relations with us to guard against them in
themselves.

Do not let us laugh very often or very loud
There are more grounds for sorrow than for
laughter in our present world. The great
Teachers have laughed but seldom or not at ail. 3

Laughter Means a sudden and excessive feeling j|

of superiority and moreness, as explained before. j| it

People often laugh in Scorn. We are no longer ;f

actuated by Scorn, " But they laugh in Joy and -|

pure Good-humour too, as it is called. May we ^

not laugh with them ?" Let us analyse that Joy $

and that Good-humour, and then determine for ^

ourselves. Very often that Joy means the Joy of ; ^

gain at the expense of another. " Even in jest ? " ; 3

we ask. Yes, The laughter of jesting consists A

176 SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

in this : that one person makes believe that he
himself is superior and another is inferior; this
is done to bring out fictitious points of his own
superiority and those of the other's inferiority,
and so to secure a laugh. This " laugh at
another's expense " is harmless, or supposed to
be harmless, only so long as it is understood
that the whole is a make-believe and that there
is no real superiority or inferiority on either
side. But apart from the merits or otherwise of
so making-believe, and approaching falsehood
even in jest we see how often jest passes into
earnest, and why ? In trying to bring out the
points of inferiority of others, people too
generally pass from the fictitious to the real and
touch sore parts ; and the result is that the
laughter rapidly changes from the humorous
into the bitter. Let us not go near such
dangerous shallows. What sad mistakes arise
in life between the nearest friends ! Expressions
and gestures of Sympathy and Goodwill are
mistaken for the very opposite. How great the
danger, then, of the Self-assertion involved in
even the laughter of jesting becoming hurtful

And for reasons similar to those which make
jesting and laughing dangerous, are also much
talking and discussion dangerous. Let us ask a
question when we really require some informa-
tion ; let us listen attentively to the reply,

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE.

ponder it carefully, and ask again, if necessary.
But why should we expound our own views

uncalled-for? The danger of Self-assertion is \

there. But, if we are desired to state our views I

on any question, then we may certainly do so, |

if we can help another thereby, giving our ]

statements in the way of the answers we our- I

selves would seek if putting questions. Because J

of the danger of Self-assertion and Ahamkdra

hiding within much speech, is silence golden. \'

As said before, the great Ones seldom |j

laughed. But they have smiled very often :

smiled in tenderness and sadness : sad to see 4

another's pain, tender to relieve it ; smiling |

because of their ability to do so, or at the |

unreality of the pain and its fleetingness ; and, |,

in any case, smiling because of the increased I

"moreness" of their own Self instantly acquired ! '

by the recognition of their identity with the ,';,
Self of the person before them. As a general %

rule, the violent outward physical laugh is the ^

laugh of the gross sense of the moreness S

of the material separated Self; while the }

quiet, tender, inner, spiritual smile is the ;
smile of the subtle sense of morenesss of the * \

spiritual united Self. And yet there is \
inevitably a touch of comparison in the purity

of the latter also ; a comparison of the strength ,
of the united Self which has overpowered and

M ' ;

;

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS,

transcended the strength of the Not-Self, the
separated Self; and it is this comparison
which being misinterpreted naturally as invidi-
ous by the evil natures in which the separate-
self is strong causes the hatred of " spiritual
faces" which is unhappily not an uncommon
phenomenon amidst present humanity.

Let us distinguish well between this smile
of tenderness and the smile of bitterness or of
despair, wherein the Self snatches, it may be,
a fictitious consolation for actual present loss
from its own imagined greatness and another's
littleness. And so distinguishing, we shall
see why

Manners are not idle, but the fruit
Of loyal nature and of noble mind.

We shall not waste our time, our energy,
and our new higher nature in meaningless and
objectless reveries and imaginations. They are
the optnit kashdyah) sourness, and the < *3nHT^:
Rasdsvddah, sweets of imagination, that the Yoga
warns us against. How often we discover with a
start that we are imagining all sorts of situations
of Anger and Discord between ourselves and
those who are, or ought to be, most dear to us !
We imagine them behaving wrongly to our-
selves, and we revenge ourselves upon them
by behaving equally wrongly to them in

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. 179

return also in imagination! The real reason
is that an unguarded and unrestrained element
of evil Emotion in us has taken advantage of
some very slight and small discomfort, and has
run away with the whole of our mind, subdued
it and turned its powers to its own uses. If
we are pained in any way, and fail in a moment
of carelessness at once to check off that pain
as an item of past karmic debt cleared off, to
welcome it as a piece of service clone to another,
then the Ahamkdra-consciousness asserts itself,
bases a desire for separation an Emotion of
Anger and Hate on that pain, the mind begins
to work in the imagination, and we at once find
ourselves in the midst of all kinds of disagree-
able scenes. And persistent failure in this
respect confirms and condenses the imaginings
into physical action with all its grievous results. |

This is how by assuming enmity we create |

enmity. J''

Allied to this is the mistake of openly attri- /

buting to a person an evil Emotion against ]

which he may be struggling with might and f

main. His struggle and resistance against that I

Emotion cease at once and he breaks down, ! |

thinking it is useless for him to struggle, for f

others have decided that he has failed. As said

before, by action and reaction, ever taking a l

new starting point in the last outbreak of the

is

I

;f;</ i0 i

I > M. !!

I 80

SCIENCE OF THE EMOTIONS.

other person, the Emotions between man and
man go on perpetuating their own endless flow.
Wise are they that fix one starting point, and so
enable themselves to close the accounts.

Thus, knowing the root of Desire, knowing
that it is of the nature of the separated Self,
knowing that we have no separate Self, we shall
not fall a prey to such Desire-Emotions, and to
such imaginings and mistakes. But on the
contrary, as far as may be, we shall give credit
even where none is due in strictness ; for, by
exactly the same process as that just described
we shall thus create in the mind of the other
that which will be really worthy of credit.

And as we shall avoid imaginings on the side
of evil Emotion, so also we shall avoid much
useless imagining on the other side, for the
reasons set forth in the preceding chapter in
connection with the Philosophy of Poetry.

But we shall cultivate assiduously to the best

of our ability, Compassion and Pity, and the

other virtues laid down for the Yoga-student,

and herein make use of a chastened and

ennobled imagination so far as it is helpful.

Thus steadfastly guiding our evolution, life
after life; pure and serene, for ourselves and,
so far as may be, for all those who are our
fellow-passengers upon the road of evolution
and have been bound to us by the bonds of

APPLICATION OF THE SCIENCE. l8l

karma; bearing ever in mind that "there is
no purifier like unto knowledge " ; fixing our
gaze constantly upon the Eternal ; living in the
Eternal; realising that "nothing that is out of
the Eternal,' 1 nothing that is less than the
Eternal, " can aid us " ; treading ever more
and more firmly in the onward journey ; seeing
ever more and more clearly all in the light
of the Self; may we hope to pass into the Final
Peace, into the perfect realisation of the
ParamdtmA, in which are both Pratyagdtmd
and Miilaprakriti.

n

: u

"The man of serene mind that rejoiceth in
the Self and is contented therein, to whom
pleasure and pain are as one, he becometh fit
for immortality/'

"Moksha lieth not hidden on the back of
the heavens, or on the surface of the earth, or
in the depths of Pdtdla; the dissolution of
Ahamkdra on the disappearance of all desire
such is Moksha as the Scripture sayeth."

w

il

f

LAST WORDS.

My reader! Never again, after having read
this booklet with understanding, can you be
altogether without the Self-examining conscious-
ness and the Self-mastery that makes you turn
again and again upon yourself to watch and
regulate what you are thinking, saying, doing ;
and even If with this there should come upon
you a harassing weariness and sense of empti-
ness of life and constant defeat of pleasure, you
will not think that this is due to your new habit
of Self- analysis. You will know that this has
come to you with the partial cessation of Desire,
which has made it possible for you to turn
inwards towards the Self and understand the
Science of the Emotions as one important
portion of the Science of the Self. And you
will know that it is this very Science that will
help you to successfully struggle against and
gain victory over that dreary emptiness and dull
harassing weariness, by enabling you to cultivate
Love universal and the capacity for work in
identification with the life of Ishvara and gradu-
ally to find greater and greater joy in sacrifice
for others, even as He finds joy in sacrifice
for His worlds. Long do the uses of this
182

LAST WORDS. 183

Science last indeed, up to the very end of the
kosmic system. For wherever and whenever is
the Jfva-Sclf, there with it go its threefold
activities of Cognition and Emotion and Action ;
and therefore always is it useful to know
and bear in consciousness the inmost nature
of these three. Facts of outer science are
useful or useless according to the outer material
surroundings. The chemistry of an element,
the physics of a force, are useless in a world
where that element or that force is not. But
there are no worlds where Jfvas are not ; and
therefore are the facts of inner Science useful
always ; therefore is the Science of the Self,
Adhydtma-Vidyd) the highest of the Sciences.

PEACE TO ALL BEINGS.

INDEX.

Abhorrence, 69, 98

Absolute, the, pairs of opposilcs
must exist outside, 48

Action, volition distinguished
from, by Westerns, 23 ; volition
identified with, by Easterns,
24, 26 ; an aspect of the mani-
fested Self, 24, 27, 29, 169 ;
regarded by Easterns as
mental, 25 ; true fulfilment
of emotion, 151 j power of,
inherent in the Self, 159;
desire identical with, in lower
forms, 163 ; scparateness in-
herent in, 167

AdhyAttna- VidyA^ highest of the
sciences, 183

Admiration, 69 ; 92 seqq.

Adoration, 43

Adultery, 89-90

Affection (see also Love), 3^

Aharnktira (individuality),
growth of, 34 ; strongest stage
of, 1 66

All-Self, 31

All-Self-consciousncss, third
stage in Evolution, 163 ;
results of predominance of,
167-8

AU-Self-intelligence, 13

Andajah (egg-born), 87

Anger, distinguished from desire
by Westerns, 23 ; repulsion
between equals, 38 ; caused
by desire for separation, 50 ;
leads to separation, 62 ; a
factor in worry, 106-7 ; indul-
gence of, in imagination, 178-9

Apprehension, 5*

Architecture, kinds of, 145

Arjuna, allusion to, 50; con-
strasted with Ashvatthdma, 74

Aryans, intelligence developed
by, II

Asceticism, 45

Ashvatthdma*, Arjuna compared
with, 74

Astonishment, 96

Astral consciousness, 151, 164

Asuras, 45

Atman, 9

Atma-'vAn^ 162

Atmic body, 168

Attraction, connected with
pleasure, 22 ; a primary desire-
emotion, 30, 32 ; desire for
union implied by, 33 ; memory
and expectation of pleasure

11.

INDEX.

S t C

Vf- jtf

N

IK M

implied by, 33 ; with consci-
ousness of equality = affection
or love, 35 ; benevolence
arising from, 36; appearing
in the motionlensness of the
Supreme, 36 ; inferior moves
towards superior in all cases
of, 37 ; to an equal causes
reciprocation, 40 ; in lesser
degree towards inferiors =
kindness, 46 ; culminates in
the equality-union of love,
47 ; enumeration of virtues
arising from, 65

Aversion, see Repulsion

Awe, awesomeness, a complex
emotion, 69 ; root of, on the
side of hate, Si ; nature of,
81-2 ; contrasted with admira-
tion, 95 ; related to wonder,
97

Bain, cited, 116, 129
Beauty, the Beautiful, 99-100
Being of the All-Self, 31
Belief, 78

Benevolence, arising from attrac-
tion, 36 ; three subdivisions
of, 46 ; love showing itself as,
56; surrender implied by,
58 ; in war, 6 1 ; misplaced, 92 ;
allied virtues of, 92 ; smile of,
102-3, 177-8; pleasure of, in
the Pathetic, 137-40 ; humility
productive , of, 174 ; to be
opposed to fear, 174

Benignity, 81-2

Bhagavad Gitd> quoted, 90

Bhdmati, quoted, 20

Bharata, reference to, 17, 116

Bhfma, reference to, in

Bhlshma, reference to, 50 ;
quoted, 74, 86,

philosophy), 10

Bravery, 69, 75

Brusqueness, 49

Buddha, the Brdhmana-body of,
sacrificed to the tigress, 57

Buddhic body, stage of building
of, 167 ; method of develop-
ment of, 171

Cannibals, 59-60
Causal body, 165-6
Cautiousness, 69
Ch&ru charati manasi (" that
which dwells in the mind"),

99

Cheerfulness, 106

Circumspection, 69

Cognition, an aspect of the Self,
19, 23, 27, 29 ; first mental
function, 23 ; Gnydnam or, 24

Comic, the, 144

Commentry on the Nydya Sdtras
of Gautama i referred to, 16

Compassion, tic fined, 46 ; love
the meeting-point of humility
and, 47 ; majesty produced
by pride and, 71 ; ol majesty
MS heroism, 74 ; imagination
helpful to, 180

Confidence, 69, 76 seqq.

Consciousness, phenomena of,
from Western and Eastern
standpoints, 23-4 ; mind and,
regarded as synonymous by
Westerns, 24 ; answers to
external impulse, 25 ; can
never imagine its own cessa-
tion, 54 ^duration of, 54-5;
first stage in evolution, 162

Contempt, see Scorn

Contraction, pain defined as, 122

Correspondence of emotions, 108
seqq.

INDEX.

111.

Courage, 69, 75

Craftiness, 92

Criticalness, 69

Crookedness, 69, 92

Cruel, the, pleasure afforded by

representations of, 136-7
Cruelty, nature of, 69, 91 ; form

of, practised on singing birds,

141
Curiosity, defined, 95-6 ; a

double desire, 101

Daityas, 45

IMna-vlra/i, Bayd-vlrah (the
heroic giver), 74

Desire, essential nature of Jiva,
II ; attitude of Self towards
that which causes pleasure, 22 ;
included with volition in
Western classification, 23 ;
Eastern classification of, 24 ;
regarded as mental by Western
psychologists, 25 ; passing
into action = Prayatna, 26 ;
an aspect of the Self, 27, 29 ;
relation of pleasure and pain
to, 29 ; two elementary forms
of, 30 ; emotions = desires, 30 ;
basic forms of, 32 ; precedence
of pleasure or, 32 ; as distin-
guished from emotion, 33 ;
emotion = intellectual con-
sciousness and, 35, 150;
mental character of, 128

Devi-Bh&gavatamy quoted, 55

Devotion, constituted by Self-
surrender, 44 ; defined, 45,
78 seqq. ; distinct from wor-
ship, 46, 78; a complex
emotion, 69

Diffidence, a complex emotion,
69 ; nature of, 75-6 ; admira-
tion contrasted with, 95

Dignity, 69, 71

Discretion, 69

Discrimination, 10

Discussion, dangers of, 176-7

Disdain (see also Scorn), 52

Disgust, 69, 97

Disgusting, the pleasure afforded

by representations of, 136-7
Dislike, pain connected with,

22 ; subdivision of, 38
Distinctionless, the, One and

Many arise in, 36
Distrust, 69, 76 seqq.
Doubt, master pain of, 10 ; allied

to distrust, 78
Drama, nature of, 130 ; tragedy

discouraged in India, 142
Duryodhana, reference to, in
Dvesha (hate), 22

Ecstasy, 44

Education, science of emotions
applied to, 17

ka>td (oneness), 30

Emotions, no organic connection
between the, according to
Western science, 16; bene-
ficent results from the applica-
tion of a science of the, 17,
171 seqq. ; difference of
Eastern and Western view of,

23 ; desire substituted for, 24 ;
mistake made by Westerns as
to nature of, 28 ; classification
of, possible, 29 ; desires, 30 ;
nature of, defined, 32, 35,
150 ; as distinguished from
desire, 33 ; desire phis cogni-
tion, 33 ; original meaning of
the word, 35 ; mental moods
and, 39; six principal forms
of, 39 ; virtues and vices
developed from permanent,

IV.

INDEX.

64 ; complexity and subtlety
of, 66 ; virtue and vice
cultivated or eradicated by
regulation of, 67 ; complex,
catalogue of, 68 seqq. ; sub-
jective and objective aspect
of, 70 ; stamped on the
features, 70 ; tend to create
their own likeness, 108 ;
varying effects of others', 108
seqq. ; correspondence of,
shown in tabular form, 113-14;
poetry and, 115 seqq* ;
possible only between Jivas,
144

Emotion-desire, emotion-feeling
distinguished from, 35

Emotion-feeling, 35

Endeavour, 26

Ends overpowered by means,
II seqq.

Endurance, 69, 75

Enmity, 50

Envy, 69, 91

Eshantraya (the three - fold
seeking), 155

Esteem, 42, 94

Ethics, the principle of action,
14 ; rnetaphysic of, 67.

Evolution, three stages of, 162-3

Expansion, pleasure defined as,

I2I-2

Expectation, 34

Faith, 69, 78

Fatalism, 159

Fault-finding, 69

Fear, where object is superior
repulson, 38 ; caused by re-
pulsion, 51 ; pride and, gene-
rated by anger, 62 ; an element
in disgust, 97 ; to be met with
benevolence, 174

Fearful, the, pleasure afforded

by representations of, 135-6
Fidelity, 8 1
Force, metaphysic necessary to

the understanding of, 36
Fortitude, 69, 75
Free will, 159
Friend, six -fold characteristic of

the, 42
Friendship, reciprocation and,

41-2

(Jiving, kinds of, 127-8
Gladness, 106
Gnydn&ttt (cognition), 24
Grandeur, 69, 97
Greed, 98
Grief, luxury of, 105

Hate, desire of separation the
instinct of, 22, 30-31, 58, 61 ;
a primary desire-emotion, 30,
32 ; significance of, 31 ; sub-
divisions of, 38 ; love and,
possible only where forms
exist, 40 ; neither selfish nor
unselfish, 47 ; love compared
with, 48-9 ; insatiable, 49 ;
relation of murder to, 53, 55,
58 ; = pride, 56 ; pride //*
tyranny, 58 ; conflict of mani-
fest, 59 ; "love and, sometimes
lead to similar treatment, 60 ;
succeeded by remorse, 63 ;
binding power of, 63 ; vices
emotions on side of, 64;
enumeration of vices arising
from, 65-6 ; loathing ana
abhorrence allied to, 98 ;
meaning of, understood only
from beyond love and, 157

Hegel, agreement of, with Eastern
psychologists, 25

<

INDEX.

v.

Heroic, the, nature of, 144
Heroism, a complex emotion,

69 ; active majesty, 74 ;

qualities and grades of, 75
Horror, 5*
Hostility, 50
Humility, love the meeting-point

of compassion and, 47 ; to be

opposed to pride, 174
Humour, 69

Ichchd (desire), 24

Ideal, attainment to an, 80- 1

Identification, love ceases in,
41, 48

Imagination, similarity of expec-
tation and, 34 ; power of,
150-1; dangers of, 178-9;
legitimate uses of, 180

Imitation, 43

Impertinence, 69

" Inanimate " nature, emotions
aroused by, 97

Indifference, 21

Individuality (ahamkdra), growth
of, 34 ; strongest stage of, 166

Insolence, 69

Intellect, intelligence, develop-
ment of, by Aryan race, n ;
to expand into Self-intelli-
gence, 13 ; psychology of, 14 ;
present in emotion, 151

I'shvara, devotion to, 45

Jada (unconscious), Buddhi and

Manas held to be, 26*
Jagad-hit~drtkam (for the good

of the world), 45
James and Lange, theories of,

as to origin of emotions, 18

note

Jealousy, 69, 83-4
Jesting, danger of,

Jiva (separated Self), relation of,
to pleasure and pain the subject
of ancient philosophy, 10 ;
desire-emotion in nature of,
1 1 ; absolute union impossible
between two Jivas, 33 ; life of
the, apart from a physical
body, 53 ; bound to others by
love ol hate, 63 ; two classes
of, 1 24-l;..emotion possible only
in mutual relations of Jivas,
144 ; three-fold aspect of, 169,
183

Jfvatma, essential underlying
unity of each, with all others,
30 ; emotion and the, 34

Joy, smiles and tears of, 102-3

K&daitibari) referred to, 129
Kant, referred to, 23
Kdntam (is loved), 99
Kcevya. Prakasha referred to, 1 1 6
Kindness, 46, 103
JCrita-buddhi^ 161
JKritMmA, 162
JKriyd (action), 24

Laughter, a complex emotion,
69 ; defined, 102, 175 ;
moderation desirable in,
175-6; contrasted with smiles,

177
Life, Self and Not-Self two

indispensable factors of, 20-21
Liking, 22
Literature (see also Poetry),

province of, 130 ; completer in

emotion than other arts,

J44-5

Loathing, 69, 98

Love, desire of union, the
instinct of, 22, 30, 37, 40*
47-8 ; distinguished from

1

VI.

INDEX.

desire by Westerns, 23 ; a
primary desire-emotion, 30,
32 ; how developed from
attraction, 35, 40-1, 47 ; in
its action leads to equalisation,
38, 40, 47-8; hate and,
possible only where forms
exist, 40; perfection of im-
possible, 41 ; greatest possible,
can only exist between beings
of opposite sexes, 42 ; equality-
union of, the culmination of
attraction, 47 ; hate compared
with, 48-9 ; insatiable, 49 ;
relation of self-sacrifice to,
53> 55 57 ? benevolence
developing from, 56 ; rarely
demands surrender of physical
body, 57 ; hate and, some-
times lead to similar treatment,
60 ; the emphasising of the
United Self, 61 ; binding
power of, 63 ; virtues =
emotions on side of, 64 ;
enumeration of virtues result-
ing from, 65 ; highest reason,
72 ; physical aspect of, 86
seqq. ; predominance of emo-
tion of, 149 ; Platonic, 151 ;
meaning of, understood only
from beyond hate and, 157 ;
personal and impersonal,
171-2

Loyalty, 8 1

Lust, 69, 84 seqq.

Mada (opposite of benevolence),

56
Magnanimity, a complex

emotion, 69; higher than

self-control, 82 ; allied virtues

of, 92
Magnets, analogy of, 37

Magnificence, 69, 97

MahAhharata^ quoted, 9, 74, 90 ;
referred to, 50, ill

Maha-Ramayana-, quoted, 10

Majesty, a complex emotion,
69 : compounded of compas-
sion and pride, 71 ; symbols
of, 71 ; in action = heroism,
74 ; awesomeness and benig-
nity aspects of, 8 1

Malice, a complex emotion, 69 ;
s hate/*/wj fear, 91-2 ; crafti-
ness allied to, 92

Mammata, referred to, 1x6, 120

Man, knowledge of, the highest
science, 13

Manas, rise of, 26

Manju (is well known), 100

Matio 9-amant (pleases or steals
and attracts the mind), 99

Manognyam (knows or fills the
mind), 100

Meanness, 69, 92

Means, ends overpowered by,
II seqq.

M.ental body, 165

Mental functions, Western
divisions of, 23

Mental moods, emotions and, 39

Metaphysic, of the Self, 22, 30,
67 ; of Ethics, 67

Mill, J. S., in agreement with
Eastern psychologists, 25 ;
with Indian view of the form
of poetry, 129

Mind, Western use of the word,

?*. .

Misgiving, 78

Mohah (unconsciousness), 21
Moksha, non- eternity of, 49 ;

defined, 181
Moods, of the Self, 19 ; mental,

39

INDEX.

vn.

Mtilaprakriti, Inseparable from
Pratyag&md, id; Jiva com-
pounded of Pratyagdtmd and,

122

Murder, relation of to hate, 53,
55, 57 ; more common than
self-sacrifice of life, 59

Music, emotional, 145

Naiydyika philosophy, 26
JVdndtva (manyness), 31
Ndtya-Shdstra, referred to, 17
Nidk i~padman, ( treasure-lotus) ,

71

Niggardliness, 69, 92
Nirv&nic body, 168
Nordau, Max, cited, 137 note
Not-Self, Self and, always
inseparable, iS ; Self felt to
be different from, 20 ; an
indispensable factor of life,
20-21 ; response of Self to,
2 5 t opposition between Self
and, 20; metaphysic of the,
30 ; Self identified with a
portion of, 31

Oneness, inherent perception of,

30
Ornaments of speech, 119-20

Pain, cause and remedy of, 10
seqq. ; pleasure or, constantly
accompanies the Self, 21 ;
repulsion and dislike con-
nected with, 22 ; a degree
not a form or aspect of the
Self, 27 ; relation between
desire and, 29-30 ; special
degree of Self-cognition, &c.,
35 ; defined as contraction,
122 ; morbid, nature of, 123

Painting, emotional, 145-6
Panckadaski, quoted, 54
Panchajandh (intelligence), n
Parabrahm, pairs of opposites

must exist outside, 48
Paramdtmd, pairs of opposites

must exist outside, 48
Para-nirvriti, object of poetry

defined as, 120

Pathos, the Pathetic, a complex
emotion, 69 ; described, 105 ;
pleasure afforded by repre-
sentations of, 133, 137-9;
danger of, 140-3
Peace, science of, 15 ; of the
Supreme broken up into
Pleasure and Pain, 36
Persistence in emotions, 106
Philosophy, origin of ancient, 9 ;
object of ancient, 10 ; new
forms of, needed, n ; modern
view of relation of, to Truth,

I3-H

Pindajah (sexual humanity), 87

Pity, defined, 46 ; constituent
of the emotion of the Pathetic,
105 ; danger of inward pride
in, 175 ; imagination helpful
to, 180

Pleasure, pain or, constantly
accompanies the Self, 21 ;
attraction and liking con-
nected with, 22 ; a degree
not a form or aspect of the
Self, 27 ; relation between
desire and, 29-30 ; origin of,
32 ; special degree of Self-
cognition, &c. , 35 ; defined as
expansion, 121-2 ; morbid,
nature of, 123

Poetry, emotional nature of, 1 16,
144-5 ; ft* 1 * 1 of > 129-30

Politeness, 41

Vlll.

INDEX.

*,'"&

!;';

Power, metaphysic necessary to
understand meaning of, 36

Prandma (bow), 42

Pratyagjitmd, inseparable from
Mulaprakriti, 1 8 ; unity in the
Being of, 31 ; Jiva com-
pounded of, and Mulaprakriti,

122

Pmtyaksha (sensation), 25

Prayatna (desire passing into
action), 26

Pride, real nature of, 56 ; =
tyranny and hate, 58 ; anger
resolved into fear and, 02 ;
Majesty compounded of com-
passion and, 71 ; vanity a
modification of, 101 ; pleasure
of, in representations of the
Fearful, 1^5-6 ; to be met
with humility, 174

Prudence, 69

Psychology of senses and
intellect, modern philosophers'
interest in, 14

Psychology of the Emotions, The,
referred to, 16 note

Pura"nic Rishis, Tapas of, 45

Qualities, emotions distinguished
from, in ordinary language,
70 seqq.

Ram (love), 22
Rdga-Dtmhm (love-hate), 14

Rage, 50

Rama, taught by Vasishtha, 10

Rape, 89

Rasa a specialised pleasure, &c. ,

115 seqq. ; kinds of, 132 seqq.
JRasdsvddah) dangers of, 117, 178
Reciprocation, desire for union

by, 41, 47-8

Re-incarnation, emotions in view
of, 62

Remorse, hate succeeded by,
63 ; akin to self-pity, 105

Repulsion, connected with pain,
22 ; a primary desire-emotion,
30, 32 ; appearing in the
motionlessness of the Supreme,
36 ; dislike and hate sub-
divisions of, 38 ; the motor-
power in the way of vice, 47 ;
nature of, between equals, 49 ;
enumeration of emotions
caused by, 51-2 ; leads to
separation, 62

Reserve, 49-50

Respect, 42

Restraint, 159

Reverence, arising from attrac-
tion, 36 ; = devotion to a
superior, 43, So

Ribpt, referred to, 16

Ridicule, 69

Rinatr&yG) nature of, 155-6

Robbery leading to murder, 59

Ruchiram rochate (that which
shines or pleases), 99

Rudeness, 49

SMhit sAdh-noti (fulfils desires),

99

Sadness, 106

Sdhitya, 1 6, 105

Sakdma Tapafa (worship, &c.,

with an object), 45
Samadhi (fixity in the higher

consciousness), 117
Samsira, conditions of process

of, 122
Scorn, caused by repulsion, 51 ;

defined, 97, 105 ; to be met

with humility, 174
Sculpture, emotional, 145-6

| V>&

INDEX.

IX.

Self, Not-Self and, always in-
separable, 1 8 ; elementary
factor in life, 19 j certainty
felt as to existence of, 20 ; an
indispensable factor of life,
20-21 ; pleasure and pain
associated with the, 21 ; meta-
physic of the, 22, 30, 67 ;
mind ancl, 24 ; sensation the
response of, to Not-Self, 25 ;
opposition between, and Not-
Self, 26 ; substance, bulk, and
form of the, 27 ; three aspects
of the, 29, 183 ; attainment of
union endeavoured by the, 31 ;
identified with a part of the
Not-Self, 31

Self-assertion, 177

Self-cognition, 35

Self-complacence, 101-2

Self-consciousness, mood of the
Self towards itself, 19 ; plea-
sure and pain special degrees
of, 35; "acting" of life a
result of, 119; second stage
in evolution, 163 ; of the
Kdrana-Sharira, 165-6

Self-control, a complex emotion,
69 ; foundation of majesty and
dignity, 71 ; emotion-nature
of, 71 seqq. ; related virtues
of, 82 ; magnanimity higher
than, 82

Self-feeling, 35

Self-importance, 51, 102

Self-intelligence, 13

Self-pity, 104-5

Self-possession, 69, 7*

Self-preservation, instinct of, 157

Self-realisation, 35

Self-respect, 71

Self-sacrifice, true devotion,
45 ; relation of, to love, 53,

5S> 57 ; where there is no
belief in immortality, 54 ; less
common than murder, 59

Self-satisfaction, 101-2

Self-scorn, 105

Self-surrender, nature of, 44-5 ;
absolute only when superior
gives himself to inferior, 55-6

Selfishness, first half of cycles
characterised by, 125

Sensation, finality of knowledge
rests in, 25 ; response of Self
to Not-Self, 25 ; recognition
of sensations as on same level,
156

Senses, psychology of, 14 ;
search for new, 152

Separateness, hate a desire for,
22, 30-31, 58, 61

Sex, relations of, 86 seqq. ;
predominance of problem of,
152

Sex-jealousy leading to murder,

59

Shame, 102

Shankarichdrya, referred to, 20
Shdnta, negatively a Rasa, 133
Sh&rlraka-tihdshya, referred to,

20

Shobkanatn (shining), 99
Shuka, address of Vy&sa to, 9,

14

Shyness, 69, 75-6
Silence, desirability of, 177
Slanclerousness, 69
Smile, of benevolence, 102-3,

177-8 ; of bitterness, 103,

178 ; contrasted with laugh

ter, 177

Spencer, Herbert, cited, 105
Spitefulness, 69, 92
Spirituality of face, common

hatred of, 178

X.

INDEX.

4<

6^ 2#uz# (that which attracts),

99

Sublimity, 69, 97
Suchyam (is pleasing), 100
Sundararriy su driyate (that

which is loved), 99
Superciliousness (see a/so Scorn),

51, 102
Surprise, 96

Sushamam (unobstructing), 99
Suspicion (see also Distrust), 78
Svedijak (sweat-born), 87

Table showing correspondence
of emotions, 113-14

Taking, kinds of, 127

Talking, moderation desirable
in, 176-7

Tantalisation, 98

Tapas of Puranic Rishis, 45

Tears, joy and grief expressed
by, 1 02 seqq.

Tenderness, 46, 79

Tennyson, quoted, 104

Terror (see also Fear), dis-
tinguished from desire by
Westerns, 23 ; caused by
repulsion, 51

Tragedy-writing, discouraged in
Indian drama, 142

Trust, 69, 78

Truth, relation of, to philosophy,
13-14

Tyranny, mada nearly expressed
by, 57 ; pride and, hate,
58 ; in war, 61 ; a complex
emotion, 69 ; nature of, 91

Ubdhijjah (fission), 87
Unconsciousness, a third state

of the Self, 21
Union, desire of, the instinct of

attraction and love, 22, 30,

33> 37, 40. 47-8 ; by dissolu-
tion of forms, 40 ; impossible
where forms exist, 43

Unselfishness, second half of
cycles characterised by, 125

Upadhis (forms), Jivas embodied
in, 34 ; must break up before
absolute union, 43 ; Selfs
attitude towards, 123, 125,
127 ; threefold aspect of, 169

Vdchaspati-Mishra, quoted, 20

Vaimgya (dying away of desire),
true philosophy springs from,
xo, 14 seqq. ; seed of, in
every individual, 160 ; rise of
unlimited, 166

Valour, 69, 75

Vdmana, quoted, n6

Vanity, roi

VAsavadattA, reference to, 129!

Vasishtha, Rama taught by, 10

Vdtsydyana, reference to com-
mentary of, 16 ; quoted, 21

Veneration, 43

Vice starting from anger, deve-
lopment of, 47

Vices, emotions become per-
manent, 64 ; enumeration of,
arising from hate, 65-6 ; eradi-
cated by regulation of emo-
tions, 67

Virtue, development of, from
compassion and humility, 47

Virtues, = emotions become
permanent, 64 ; enumeration
of, arising from love, 65 ;
cultivated by regulation of
emotions, 67

Vishvamitra on discrimination,
10

Vishvandtha, quoted, 116
Vvveka (discrimination), 10

iVr'

INDEX.

XI.

\T o 1 i t i o n distinguished from
action by Westerns, 23 ;
identified with action by
Easterns, 24, 26

k (moods, functions, or
desires), 23

a, address of, to Sluika, 9, 14

VVar, benevolence and tyranny
in, 6 1 ; evil emotions pre-
valent in time of, 137 note

VVhitman, Walt, reference to,
129

Wisdom, how attained, 10

Wonder, 69, 94-7

Worry, 106-7

Worship, likeness produced by,
between devotee and object of
devotion, 43 ; to gain an
object, danger of, 45 ; devo-
tion distinct from, 78

Wrath, 50

Yoga- VasisKtha, reference to,
1 66 note